The Rössing Uranium Deposit: a product of late-kinematic localization of uraniferous granites in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia

The Rössing granite-hosted uranium deposit in the Central Zone of the Pan-African Damara Orogen, Namibia, is situated in the “SJ area” to the south of the Rössing Dome. The coincidence of a number of features in this area suggests that mineralization is closely linked to late-kinematic evolution of the Rössing Dome. These features include: (1) the rotation of the dome's long axis (trend of 017°), relative to the regional F₃ trend of 042°; (2) southward dome impingement, concomitant with dome rotation, producing a wedge-shaped zone of alkali-leucogranites, within which uranium mineralization is transgressive with respect to granites and their host lithologies; uranium mineralization and a high fluid flux are also confined to this arcuate zone to the south and south-east of the dome core and (3) fault modeling that indicates that the SJ area underwent late-D₃ to D₄ brittle–ductile deformation, producing a dense fault network that was exploited by leucogranites. Dome rotation and southward impingement occurred after a protracted period of transtensional tectonism in the Central Zone, from ca. 542 to 526 Ma, during which I- and S-type granites were initiated in a metamorphic core complex. Late-kinematic deformation involved a rejuvenation of the stresses that acted from ca. 600 to 550 Ma. This deformation overlapped with uranium-enriched granite intrusion in the Central Zone at 510 ± 3 Ma. Such late-kinematic, north–south transpression, which persisted into the post-kinematic cooling phase until at least 478 ± 4 Ma, was synchronous with left-lateral displacement along NNE-trending (“Welwitschia Trend”) shears in the vicinity of Rössing. Late-kinematic deformation, causing block rotation, overlying dome rotation and interaction of the more competent units of the Khan Formation with the Rössing Formation in the dome rim was pivotal in the localization of uranium-enriched granites within a highly fractured, high-strain zone that was also the site of prolonged/high fluid flux.     

泥火山——天然气水合物存在的活证据

海底天然气水合物大多与通过切穿沉积盖层的断裂的上升烃类流体相关，这些高渗透带包括泥火山和底辟等侵入构造，所以泥火山、底辟和海底断裂等构造周围可能赋存水合物；实际钻探结果也证实，泥火山和水合物的形成与聚集有较为密切的关系。泥火山，它是地层内部圈闭气体由于压力释放上冲的结果，也是气体向上运移的通道。文章初步总结了泥火山与水合物的成矿关系，认为泥火山是水合物赋存的标志之一，是水合物存在的活证据。本文对我国泥火山与水合物的发育和赋存进行了分析预测，并对泥火山构造中水合物的成矿模式进行了初步探讨。     

大兴安岭南段东麓中生代O型埃达克质火山岩及其成因、古构造环境和找矿意义

蒙东西拉禾伦河北侧查干木伦河流域,属中生代大兴安岭火山-侵入杂岩带南段。最近区内晚侏罗世满克头鄂博组陆相火山杂岩火山盾中,发现有埃达克质火山岩,与少量钠质流纹岩和玄武岩共生。埃达克岩 Al_2O_3>15%,MgO<3.4%,K_2O 平均=1.77%,Na_2O/K_2O>1,LREE 富集,HREE 及 LIRE 强烈亏损,无负铕异常,高 Sr(497.91～896.40×10~(-6)),低 Y(4.33～15.77<18×10~(-6)),低 Yb(0.35～1.54<1.9×10~(-6)),I_(Sr)=0.70374～0.70594,ε_(Nd)(t)为-0.45～ 6.58,在 K-Na-Ca、Rb-Sr-Ba、Sr/Y-Y 和 Sr/Yb-Yb 等图中属埃达克岩,具奥长花岗岩演化趋势,是典型的 O 型埃达克岩。其与共生岩石ε_(Nd)(t)、I_(Sr)与晚古生代玄武岩的接近,部分岩石 t_(DM)(677～845Ma)与晚古生代俯冲洋壳(t_(DM)=627～998Ma)相同,Sr-Nd 同位素及Zr/Hf-Nb/Ta 比值具有亏损地幔与下地壳混合特征,另有岩石(t_(DM)=343～453Ma)源于古生代年轻地幔。据此推论其源岩是以晚元古代俯冲洋壳为主,多源物质混合的增生地体下地壳。La_N/Yb_N-Yb_N 及 La/Sm-La 图证明埃达质岩浆是榴辉岩化源岩部分熔融的原始岩浆,钠质流纹岩是该原始岩浆分离结晶产物,玄武岩浆则可能是源岩深度熔融的结果。岩石成分及微量元素判别该火山活动环境是大陆边缘弧。大兴安岭地区在中生代出现埃达克质火山岩及该类火山弧,未必与环太平洋或者鄂霍茨克海俯冲构造直接相关,而是晚古生代古亚洲洋残存洋壳在中生代沿续存俯冲断裂继续向增生地体下地壳俯冲并发生部分熔融结果。区内与满克头鄂博组有关的铁、铜、金矿化,应有大矿前景。     

遥感化探信息综合分析在地质找矿中的应用研究

利用适当比例尺的遥感资料对新疆三区林场金化探异常进行了综合解译分析和评价,并圈定了多处金矿(化)体,在遥感与化探相结合进行地质找矿方面取得了明显效果。     

云开地块基底演化与成矿作用

云开地块位于广东和广西两省的毗邻地带,经历了基底形成和改造两个阶段。基底形成包括了古中元古代高州杂岩的沉积与变质、晚元古代云开群的沉积与变质、震旦系和早古生代地层的沉积和变质,在早古生代晚期作为整体转化为稳定地块。基底改造发生在加里东期之后,包括海西－印支期与燕山－喜山期两个阶段,基底岩石经历了断裂变质、重熔改造和构造活动。在基底演化过程中,物质进行了重新分布,一些元素得以富集成矿,使云开地区成为我国重要的银金-多金属矿床集中区。     

辽河群镁质碳酸盐建造及其非金属矿产

辽河群镁质碳酸盐岩系，含矿岩石组合有黑尔峪组镁质碳酸盐含矿建造和大石桥组镁质碳酸盐含矿建造。其中由区域变质作用形成的白云石－滑石－菱镁矿、滑石－菱镁矿－透闪石、滑石－菱镁矿－水镁石－蛇纹石和硼矿物－蛇纹石－菱镁石－水镁石－滑石－金云母－透辉石等４种矿床组合形式，构成规律明显，经济价值大的非金属成矿系列。     

长江中下游地区早白垩世埃达克质岩的大地构造背景及其成矿意义

长江中下游地区是中国重要的铜资源基地之一。该成矿带广泛发育与Cu-Au成矿作用密切相关的早白垩世火成岩。大多数与成矿有关的中酸性侵入岩具有类似埃达克岩的地球化学特征,即富集Sr而贫HREE(如:Y和Yb);但它们具有负的εNd(t)值和相对富集的Sr同位素初始比值(>0.704.),因此,被称为埃达克质岩。根据岩石化学数据,研究区埃达克质侵入岩多数属于高钾钙碱性系列,部分属于钙碱性系列;而火山岩和A型花岗岩类由于其高钾和富铁特征而属于钾质碱性系列。岩石地球化学资料显示,与成矿作用有关的中酸性埃达克质侵入岩经历了复杂的成岩过程,至少包括在深位岩浆房(>35～40 km深度)的分离结晶和在高位岩浆房内的分离结晶或AFC过程两个阶段。同时不排除有下地壳直接熔融形成的埃达克质熔体参与的可能性。富钾的火山岩则是原生岩浆在深位岩浆房(>40-50 km深度)经镁铁矿物的分离结晶过程演化而来。基于长江中下游地区及其邻区的区域地质构造、早白垩世岩浆岩的岩石化学和地球化学特征和岩浆活动的时空演变特征的综合分析,推测该成矿带在早白垩世早期处于大陆边缘岩浆弧内陆一侧,岩浆活动与古太平洋板块的斜向俯冲作用有关;晚期由于俯冲板片迁移(变陡),岩浆岩具有弧后环境特征。俯冲板片上部所释放的超临界流体提高了地幔     

Mineralization Controls in Island Arc Settings: Insights from Philippine Metallic Deposits

A review of the gold-copper, volcanogenic massive sulfide and ultramafic-hosted (i.e., chromitite, nickel sulfide, platinum-group minerals) deposits in the Philippines is presented. It is critical that a thorough understanding of the spatial and temporal relationship among magmatism, structures and mineralization must be gained if the correct evaluation of the economic potential of a particular deposit is to be done. Structural features conducive to precious and base metal mineralizations are associated with shear zones, extensional jogs and collision zones. In Northern Luzon, alkali and adakitic magmatism are considered good markers for gold-copper mineralization. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are hosted by either ophiolites of marginal basin origin or metamorphic terranes. Exploration works on these deposits have been geared in determining the gold content of the massive sulfides. Chromitite deposits are related with ultramafic rock-hosted deposits. Their occurrence is attributed to crystallization, magma mixing and mantle-melt interaction processes in subduction-related settings. The multiple stages of partial melting responsible for the formation of supra-subduction zone ophiolites result in the generation of second to third stage melts that are enriched in nickel sulfides and platinum group minerals. On the basis of structural, geochemical and tectonic controls, Panay, Mindoro and Central Mindanao and the Sierra Madre, Leyte, and Samar are good exploration targets for precious and base metal deposition in the western and eastern sides of the Philippines, respectively.     

地层水矿化度检测的地球物理测井方法

传统的水文地质研究方法在进行地下水的矿化度评价时，是通过地层水的取样进行室内分析化验，确定含水岩组中地层水的矿化度，目前，在利用已有的地质、地球物理资料进行西部地下水资源评价的研究中，鉴于大多数石油井不含有浅层地层水的水样化验资料，因而本文介绍一种利用石油测井数据（主要为自然电位曲线）计算地层水矿化度的方法，并将之应用于鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地地层水的矿化度估算，方法研究和应用实例证明这种方法是较为可靠的，虽然求取的地层水的矿化度的数值存在一定的误差，但完全可以满足地层水矿化度分级评价的需求，从而开发了石油测井数据在水文地质中的应用，也降低了单纯利用水文取样，由于样点少，矿化度预测精度低的缺点。