Geostatistical analysis of arsenic concentration in the groundwater of Malda district of West Bengal, India

The problem of arsenic (As) poisoning in the upper deltaic plain of the Ganga-Bhagirathi river system in the Bengal Basin of West Bengal, India is an alarming issue. Four blocks (Kaliachak-1, 2, 3 and English Bazar) of Malda district, West Bengal were critically studied. Geomorphologically, the area exhibits three terraces: the present Youngest terrace (T₀-terrace), the Older Shaugaon Surface (T₁-terrace) and the Oldest Baikunthapur Surface (T₂-terrace). On the basis of numerous measurements, including As-content, pH, DO, specific conductivity and salinity, it was observed that maximum As-content beyond the permissible limit (0.05 mg/L, Indian standard) occurs within a depth range of 10–30 m with a non-linear distribution pattern. Variance test also found that a block effect was highly significant in an As-distribution pattern. Mean arsenic level of Kaliachak block-1 is 0.2253 mg/L, followed by Kaliachak-2 with arsenic level 0.1923, Kaliachak-3 with arsenic level 0.1755 and English Bazar with arsenic level 0.1324. The arsenious belt lies mainly within the Older terrace (T₁). The very recent flood plain deposits of silvery white, fine sands lying very close to the Ganga River margin do not contain significant amounts of As. Elevated As-concentration in the ground water was observed in alluvial sands, grayish white to brownish in color and occurring away from the Ganga margin. The Oldest terrace (T2) further away from the Ganga margin (e.g. English Bazar) and Barind surface contains less arsenic. Barind surface acts as a hard capping with ferruginous sands and lateritic concretions-chocolate, mottled and purple brown in color-occurring northeast of the studied area. Arsenic content of ground water in the same locality within a radius of ∼ 20 m varies within wide limits. Thus, it poses problem to delineate its distribution pattern. Such a patchy occurrence possibly could not be explained satisfactorily solely by geomorphology. Chemical analysis of aquifer clay samples of the cores shows a maximum Ascontent of up to 3 mg/kg, whereas the bulk samples (sandclay mixture) of the cores contain a maximum of 17 mg/kg As-value. Therefore, it is not always true that clay contains elevated As-value.     

煤炭采空区处理的新方法与实例分析

位于乌鲁木齐市南湖路以西的煤炭采空区面积达67 100.5m^2,区内构造从南到北主要由八道湾向斜和七道湾背斜组成,地层产状变化不大。该矿区开采较深,且采空区塌陷区有明显的地下水活动迹象。在对深孔大体积采空区注浆时,比较各种常见注浆治理方法,均存在不同的制约因素,故决定采用灌浆爆破压密法对采空区进行压实加固。经现场爆破试验,该区重复爆破次数在3～5次左右。灌浆爆破压密处理后,对不同土层进行取样对比分析,得到其相应密度（增加）及空隙比（减少）的变化分别为：杂填土14.1%,-7.9%;素填土5.9%,-3.3%;塌落煤层7.8%,-7.7%。根据压缩数据及现场测量,处理后的土体沉降2～4m,部分空体地段的沉降量达10～20m,治理效果明显。     

Sedimentary characteristics of terrigenous debris at site MD05-2905 in the northeastern part of the South China Sea since 36 ka and evolution of the East Asian monsoon

Sediments with high sedimentation rate at site MD05-2905 in the Northeastern slope of the South China Sea provide unique materials for a high-resolution study on the paleoenvironment. Based on precise dating of AMS ¹⁴C, grain size analysis of terrigenous debris at core MD05-2905 was conducted after organic matter, biological carbonate and biogenic opal were removed. The results show that 15.5–63.5 μm coarse grain size ingredients may indicate East Asian winter monsoon changes and that 2–9 μm fine grain size ingredients may be used as a proxy of evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The results of grain size analysis, which suggest East Asian monsoon intensity, reveal that a winter monsoon dominated the glacial regime and a summer monsoon dominated the Holocene regime. It was also shown that the summer monsoon increased gradually, experienced several abrupt changes and reached a culmination in the early Holocene (11200–8500 a B.P.) since 36 ka. Controlled by precession periodicity, it may be related with the amount of solar radiation at the highest stage, which needs further study. __________ Translated from Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(10): 1012–1018 [译自: 地球科学进展]     

浅谈煤田地震勘探中影响纵向分辨率的主要因素

针对野外数据采集参数对分辨率的影响,对资料处理过程中静校正、反褶积、速度分析、Q补偿及谱白化等几个重要模块原理进行分析,指出在高速岩层中数据采集,应采用小药量激发,小道距,小排列,全三维,不组合、单点数字检波器接收。高密度多点采集,能够充分保护有效地质信息的高频成份,在更大范围内满足高分辨地震勘探的要求。资料处理过程中,在保证同相叠加和高信噪比的前提下,采用提高分辨率的模块以弥补地震波在传播过程中损失的高频成份。实践证明通过高保真、宽频带数据采集和高信噪比前提下的高分辨率数据处理,完全能够为矿井采掘提供高精度地震勘探资料。     

小波边缘分析建模波阻抗反演方法在煤层解释中的应用

受限于地震波主波长的1／4,常规地震处理难以分辨较薄煤层。基于模型的波阻抗反演虽然克服了厚、薄煤层计算问题．但因难以得到准确的高频部分,很多情况下反演结果的精度和分辨率往往不能满足地质预测的要求。小波边缘分析建模波阻抗反演方法是从地震数据中提取地震特征参数,用于建模并参与迭代反演。该方法即可以弥补反演过程中高频成分的误差,减少对钻井数据的依赖程度,得到较为合理的初始模型,又可提高反演的精度和分辨率．使反演结果更好的反映实际地下地质情况。利用该方法,对大井-将军庙及新疆红沙泉2个勘探区的侏罗系中统西山窑组含煤地层进行波阻抗反演,反演结果与钻井资料进行比较,其中大井一将军庙0802及0809号孔单煤层厚度误差分别为3％、8％．新疆红沙泉多煤层厚度及煤层之间的夹层厚度预测结果除B6煤层误差较大外,其它误差均小于7％．可见该反演方法的计算结果比较准确。     

盘南响水矿井船形构造特征及其对煤层开采的影响

盘南响水井田播土采区内北西向断层成组出现,倾向相对,地面大致平行或呈透镜状延伸,深部相交消失,空间形态组合类似船体形状。通过对船形构造内的断层组合及成因分析,认为该船形构造属挽近地质历史时期形成的重力滑动构造,其两侧利用和追踪了先期形成的北西向断层,主滑面主要沿煤系地层中部的17、19煤层等软弱层发育。根据船形构造发育特点,分析了各个船形构造对煤系地层及煤层的切割破坏程度,为矿井生产中的构造预测提供了依据。     

青龙煤矿采探对比及构造分析

通过对青龙井田两次勘查进行采探对比分析,认为存在工程量不足、构造和煤层控制程度低、高级资源量比例低、地质规律研究不足等问题。青龙井田构造以断层为主、褶曲为辅,小断层、小型紧闭褶曲极为发育,断层具有落差大、密度大、延展长度大、相互切割、下盘牵引破坏明显等特点,断层总体以NE向为主,可分为NE向正、逆断层组,NW向正、逆断层组4组。井田F4、F22断层附近及F4断层以南、F22断层东南为构造复杂区,升田深部为构造较复杂区,综合评价井田构造复杂程度为较复杂一复杂类型。目前矿井生产被动局面是由于地质构造复杂、煤层稳定性差和前期勘查程度低造成,通过分析构造和煤层对采区和工作面设计、工作面回采等影响,提出了今后井田勘查、矿井生产和地质丁作建议,对贵州煤矿地质工作具有一定的借鉴作用。     

应用综合勘查方法分析平朔安太堡三号井工矿突水原因

平朔公司安太堡三号井工矿2007年3月在首采工作面辅运顺槽掘进时,迎头冒顶突水,初期突水量达6000～8000m^3/d,将1289．16m标高以下淹没。在分析研究区地层、构造及水文地质条件的基础上,对沙沟河道进行了渗漏观测,对地表排污水、沟水和井下突水点的水质进行了分析化验,有针对性的布置了6条物探线,最后进行了钻孔验证,综合分析认为突水水源主要为大沙沟河道的侧向补给,突水通道为NW向的强风化带。提出了加大井下排水,地表对大沙沟河进行土工膜防渗处理的综合治理措施。