湖南一次强降水天气过程分析

综合运用常规、非常规加密观测资料、风云卫星资料和1° X1°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2019年主汛期湖南一次强降雨过程进行分析及成因探讨.结果表明:此次降雨过程影响系统复杂多变,由暖区暴雨、中层冷平流入侵暴雨、锋面暴雨组成,冷空气入侵时降雨效率最高,小时雨强与累计降雨达到最强;副高明显偏强,较历年同期偏西24...     

Characteristics of Submeso Winds in the Stable Boundary Layer

The characteristics of submeso motions in the stable boundary layer are examined using observations from networks of sonic anemometers with network sizes ranging from a few hundred metres to 100 km. This study examines variations on time scales between 1 min and 1 h. The analysis focuses on the behaviour of the spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy, the ratios of the three velocity variances, their kurtosis, the dependence of horizontal variability on time scale, and the inter-relationship between vertical vorticity, horizontal divergence and deformation. Motions on larger time and space scales in the stable boundary layer are found to be nearly two-dimensional horizontal modes although the ratio of the vorticity to the divergence is generally on the order of one and independent of scale. One exception is a small network where stronger horizontal divergence is forced by a decrease in surface roughness. The horizontal variability, averaged over 1 h, appears to be strongly influenced by surface heterogeneity and increases with wind speed. In contrast, the time dependence of the horizontal structure on time scales less than one hour tends to be independent of wind speed for the present datasets. The spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy and the ratio of the crosswind velocity variance to the along-wind variance vary substantially between networks. This study was unable to isolate the cause of such differences. As a result, the basic behaviour of the submeso motions in the stable boundary layer cannot be generalized into a universal theory, at least not from existing data.     

低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度MCS系统的模拟与分析

选取2002年5月11～13日云南地区的一次南支槽强降水过程，利用MM5非静力中尺度数值模式对这次降水过程进行了数值模拟，利用模式高分辨率的输出结果分析了这次强降水中尺度对流系统的结构特征。分析结果表明：强对流系统的低层环境风场为西南和东南气流辐合，高层则为一致的槽前西南气流。低层强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区紧邻辐合线的西南侧，槽前西南暖湿气流在辐合线附近冷空气的作用下辐合上升，形成强降水，强降水落区位于低层700hPa强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区的西南侧。对物理量要素的时间演变分析表明：在对流发展初期，沿辐合线的正负涡度、辐合辐散、上升与下沉运动在垂直方向和水平方向上相间分布，呈多个模态；当对流发展较强时演变为单一模态分布，即辐合线附近低层为正涡度辐合气流上升区，而高层为负涡度辐散气流下沉区。其中低层辐合较为浅薄，位于地面到600hPa高度，而正涡度和垂直速度较为深厚，可以从地面向上分别伸展到400hPa和200hPa高度。研究还揭示了低纬高原地区中尺度对流辐合系统的垂直轴线随高度向辐合区东北侧（高纬度地区）倾斜的特征，这是低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度对流系统与其它切变线、准静止锋和低涡等中尺度对流系统不同的最主要特征之一。     

Mesoscale Variability in the Summer Arctic Boundary Layer

Observations from the summer Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are analysed with a focus on the interactions between mesoscale and boundary-layer dynamics. Wavelet analyses of surface-pressure variations show daylong periods with different characteristics, some featuring episodes of pronounced high-frequency surface-pressure variability, here hypothesized to be caused by trapped gravity waves. These episodes are accompanied by enhanced boundary-layer turbulence and an enhanced spectral gap, but with only minor influence on the surface stress. During these episodes, mesoscale phenomena were often encountered and usually identified as front-like features in the boundary layer, with a peak in drizzle followed by changing temperature. These phenomena resemble synoptic fronts, though they are generally shallow, shorter-lasting, have no signs of frontal clouds, and do not imply a change in air mass. Based on this analysis, we hypothesize that the root cause of the episodes with high-frequency surface-pressure variance are shallow, mesoscale fronts moving across the pack ice. They may be formed due to local-to-regional horizontal contrasts, for example, between air with different lifetimes over the Arctic or with perturbations in the cloud field causing differential cooling of the boundary layer. Thermal contrasts sharpen as the air is transported with the mean flow. The propagating mesoscale fronts excite gravity waves, which affect the boundary-layer turbulence and also seem to favour entrainment of free tropospheric air into the boundary layer.     

Simulation of meteorological fields over a land-water-land terrain and comparison with observations

A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations.Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.     

梧州“6.15”强对流暴雨过程技术分析

利用现有预报业务中使用的各种常规、新型观(探)测资料,对2010年6月13～16日广西梧州市出现的连续暴雨天气过程,特别是15日梧州北部强对流大暴雨天气过程成因及预报技术难点等分析,结果表明:强对流暴雨主要由一个中尺度雨团在梧州北部附近活动而造成,冷空气与低层切变辐合配合使得强回波带在梧州北部近似静止,是造成此次强降水的主要原因;中小尺度系统分析判断为降水落区和预警预报起到关键作用。     

中尺度对流系统红外云图云顶黑体温度的分析

采用ＧＭＳ卫星红外云图的云顶黑体温度（ＴＢＢ）等值线分析方法，对１９９２年８月初在中国３个地区，不同环流背景下发生的中尺度对流系统（ＭＣＳ），即西南低涡内、西太平洋副热带高压的西北边缘和副高内部的ＭＣＳ进行了分析。结果表明，ＴＢＢ等值线分析方法能较细致地揭示ＭＣＳ的形成过程。冷云盖周围ＴＢＢ等值线疏密所反映的云顶温度梯度，对ＭＣＳ的发展有很好的指示意义。文中还给出了一个在消散阶段出现涡旋状结构的ＭＣＳ。这种涡旋结构不同与北美发现的中层中尺度气旋，它可能是凝结加热所产生的对流层高层的高压反气旋环流的反映。     

Mesoscale Vegetation-Breeze Circulations and Their Impact on Boundary Layer Structures at Night

The impact of well watered mesoscale wheat over mid-latitude arid areas on mesoscale boundary layer structures (MBLS) and climate has been investigated in the study .using a mesoscale biophysical, meteorological model (BM) developed in the current study. The BM is composed of six modules:mesoscale atmospheric module, soil module, vegetation module, snow-atmosphere interaction module, underlying surface meteorology module and subgrid scale flux parameterization module. The six modules constitute an interacting system by supplying boundary conditions to each other.The investigation indicates that a horizontal pressure gradient associated with mesoscale perturbations in temperature and humidity is created during the day, which results from more water transpired from the vegetation canopy (VC) and evaporated from underlying wet soil. Non-classical mesoscale circulations (called as vegetation-breeze) are forced by the pressure perturbations with wind speeds about 5 m / s, flowing from the VC to the adjacent     

北京地区短时强降水过程的多尺度环流特征

为了探讨不同天气尺度背景下,北京地区短时强降水过程的基本特征,利用2007-2014年6-8月北京地区自动气象站观测数据和ECMWF ERA-Interim（0.5°×0.5°）全球再分析数据,在对北京地区短时强降水日的大尺度环流特征进行分型的基础上,基于分型合成场和距平场分析了北京地区短时强降水天气过程的基本环流背景及相应的中尺度环流特征。结果表明：（1）造成北京地区出现短时强降水过程的天气系统,依据其出现的频次,大体可分为副热带高压（副高）与西来槽相互作用型、西风小槽型、东北冷涡型和黄淮低涡倒槽型等4类;从低层水汽来看,除东北冷涡型主要来自于渤海、黄海外,其他3型短时强降水过程的水汽主要来自中国南海或东海。（2）不同天气系统主导下的短时强降水时空分布存在较大差异：在空间分布上,黄淮低涡倒槽型短时强降水带分布从北京东南平原穿过城区至西北山前成东南-西北走向,其余3型大体上沿北京地形成西南-东北走向,其中,西南山前、城区和东北山前地区是3个短时强降水事件的多发中心;在时间分布上,东北低涡型造成的短时强降水过程主要发生在午后,副高与西来槽相互作用型主要集中在傍晚至前半夜,而西风小槽型和黄淮低涡倒槽型短时强降水表现出较强的夜雨特征。（3）从中尺度环流特征上看,副高与西来槽相互作用型短时强降水过程主要是低层冷空气从北京西部、北部进入,首先触发山区对流,与之对应的雷暴高压逐渐组织化,外侧辐散气流（冷池出流）和山前的偏南风暖湿气流辐合造成对流过程加强;西风小槽型主要是边界层内较强东南风在北京西北部山前受地形阻挡,向两边绕流,西南支气流在西部形成气旋性环流,造成城区西部的对流性天气,东北支气流在东北部山前形成地形辐合线,夜间随着东南气流中偏南分量显著加强,东北部山前地区的辐合上升运动加强,造成东北部山前对流性天气,因此在短时强降水落区上表现为两个分离的多发中心且具有夜发性;东北冷涡型主要是系统性的冷空气从北京北部或西部南下,在山前与低空偏东风形成辐合切变线,触发午后对流性天气;黄淮低涡倒槽型主要是黄淮低涡顶部的低层偏东气流在北京西部山前辐合抬升,触发对流,并逐步演变为中尺度气旋性环流,形成相对组织化的短时强降水。