江苏一次大暴雨过程的诊断与中尺度分析

利用FY-2E卫星TBB资料、加密自动气象站资料、多普勒雷达产品、NECP格点资料,对2010年7月12—13日发生在江苏沿江地区的一次大暴雨过程进行了诊断和中尺度分析。结果表明:此次大暴雨过程是在有利的大尺度环流形势稳定维持下发生的,强度大、中尺度特征非常明显;高空辐散低空辐合的有利配置和垂直螺旋度是此次暴雨过程的动力机制;非地转风和垂直环流圈的上升支气流触发了不稳定能量释放,激发了暴雨过程;正反环流圈不断地加强和补充暴雨所需的水汽和能量,使暴雨得以维持;10个中尺度雨团的频繁活动直接造成了此次暴雨。其中,起重要作用的是合并而成的A、B雨团,雨团的合并使雨区扩大、雨势更强、生命史更长;3个β-MCS是造成此次暴雨的中尺度对流系统,与雨团发展直接相联系的是≤-62℃,甚至≤-72℃的冷云盖。1号β-MCS影响时段内,由多个对流单体回波合并形成的块状对流回波。3号β-MCS影响时段内,对流单体回波合并后形成一条东西向带状回波,在径向速度场上则出现了逆风区特征。地面中尺度辐合系统与雨团的发生发展关系十分密切,且对雨团的发生发展具有一定的预示作用。     

自动气象站观测资料的中尺度分析及业务应用

介绍了采用Barnes逐步订正客观分析、带通滤波等方法,建立的基于自动气象站高时空分辨率观测资料的精细天气分析和业务应用系统.系统提供了地面风、压、温、湿等气象要素分布及反映大气近地面层动力、热力和湿度条件的物理量产品,并通过MICAPS系统显示,可为灾害天气的监测预警提供精细分析资料.以2006年4月28日影响山东的一次强飑线过程为例,检验了系统分析结果的可靠性和业务应用价值,对业务使用的自动气象站观测资料质量控制、短时预报思路进行了探讨.     

GPS观测资料应用于中尺度数值预报模式的初步研究

利用建立在长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中 11个站点的可降水量资料 ,对 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 3～ 2 4日影响长江三角洲地区的降水过程进行了MM5模式初始湿度场调整和Nudging同化试验。试验表明 :利用GPS测量的可降水量对模式初始湿度场进行调整能明显增强模式初始场描述水汽分布的能力 ,从而有效地控制模式积分初期对可降水量预报的误差 ,并对模式 6h累积降水量预报有较明显的改善作用。利用Nudging技术同化GPS可降水量资料对MM5预报效果改善较小 ,并且Nudging系数的增加对预报效果的影响不大。总体上 ,利用GPS可降水量资料调整模式初始湿度场对模式 6h累积降水预报效果的改善明显好于连续Nudging同化。试验还表明 :GPS资料对模式初始湿度场调整改善模式对累积降水量的预报主要是通过改善网格降水预报来实现的 ,而Nudging同化主要是通过改善次网格降水而提高模式降水预报能力的。     

湖南一次强降水天气过程分析

综合运用常规、非常规加密观测资料、风云卫星资料和1° X1°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2019年主汛期湖南一次强降雨过程进行分析及成因探讨.结果表明:此次降雨过程影响系统复杂多变,由暖区暴雨、中层冷平流入侵暴雨、锋面暴雨组成,冷空气入侵时降雨效率最高,小时雨强与累计降雨达到最强;副高明显偏强,较历年同期偏西24...     

Characteristics of Submeso Winds in the Stable Boundary Layer

The characteristics of submeso motions in the stable boundary layer are examined using observations from networks of sonic anemometers with network sizes ranging from a few hundred metres to 100 km. This study examines variations on time scales between 1 min and 1 h. The analysis focuses on the behaviour of the spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy, the ratios of the three velocity variances, their kurtosis, the dependence of horizontal variability on time scale, and the inter-relationship between vertical vorticity, horizontal divergence and deformation. Motions on larger time and space scales in the stable boundary layer are found to be nearly two-dimensional horizontal modes although the ratio of the vorticity to the divergence is generally on the order of one and independent of scale. One exception is a small network where stronger horizontal divergence is forced by a decrease in surface roughness. The horizontal variability, averaged over 1 h, appears to be strongly influenced by surface heterogeneity and increases with wind speed. In contrast, the time dependence of the horizontal structure on time scales less than one hour tends to be independent of wind speed for the present datasets. The spectra of the horizontal kinetic energy and the ratio of the crosswind velocity variance to the along-wind variance vary substantially between networks. This study was unable to isolate the cause of such differences. As a result, the basic behaviour of the submeso motions in the stable boundary layer cannot be generalized into a universal theory, at least not from existing data.     

低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度MCS系统的模拟与分析

选取2002年5月11～13日云南地区的一次南支槽强降水过程，利用MM5非静力中尺度数值模式对这次降水过程进行了数值模拟，利用模式高分辨率的输出结果分析了这次强降水中尺度对流系统的结构特征。分析结果表明：强对流系统的低层环境风场为西南和东南气流辐合，高层则为一致的槽前西南气流。低层强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区紧邻辐合线的西南侧，槽前西南暖湿气流在辐合线附近冷空气的作用下辐合上升，形成强降水，强降水落区位于低层700hPa强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区的西南侧。对物理量要素的时间演变分析表明：在对流发展初期，沿辐合线的正负涡度、辐合辐散、上升与下沉运动在垂直方向和水平方向上相间分布，呈多个模态；当对流发展较强时演变为单一模态分布，即辐合线附近低层为正涡度辐合气流上升区，而高层为负涡度辐散气流下沉区。其中低层辐合较为浅薄，位于地面到600hPa高度，而正涡度和垂直速度较为深厚，可以从地面向上分别伸展到400hPa和200hPa高度。研究还揭示了低纬高原地区中尺度对流辐合系统的垂直轴线随高度向辐合区东北侧（高纬度地区）倾斜的特征，这是低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度对流系统与其它切变线、准静止锋和低涡等中尺度对流系统不同的最主要特征之一。     

Mesoscale Variability in the Summer Arctic Boundary Layer

Observations from the summer Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are analysed with a focus on the interactions between mesoscale and boundary-layer dynamics. Wavelet analyses of surface-pressure variations show daylong periods with different characteristics, some featuring episodes of pronounced high-frequency surface-pressure variability, here hypothesized to be caused by trapped gravity waves. These episodes are accompanied by enhanced boundary-layer turbulence and an enhanced spectral gap, but with only minor influence on the surface stress. During these episodes, mesoscale phenomena were often encountered and usually identified as front-like features in the boundary layer, with a peak in drizzle followed by changing temperature. These phenomena resemble synoptic fronts, though they are generally shallow, shorter-lasting, have no signs of frontal clouds, and do not imply a change in air mass. Based on this analysis, we hypothesize that the root cause of the episodes with high-frequency surface-pressure variance are shallow, mesoscale fronts moving across the pack ice. They may be formed due to local-to-regional horizontal contrasts, for example, between air with different lifetimes over the Arctic or with perturbations in the cloud field causing differential cooling of the boundary layer. Thermal contrasts sharpen as the air is transported with the mean flow. The propagating mesoscale fronts excite gravity waves, which affect the boundary-layer turbulence and also seem to favour entrainment of free tropospheric air into the boundary layer.     

Simulation of meteorological fields over a land-water-land terrain and comparison with observations

A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations.Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.     

梧州“6.15”强对流暴雨过程技术分析

利用现有预报业务中使用的各种常规、新型观(探)测资料,对2010年6月13～16日广西梧州市出现的连续暴雨天气过程,特别是15日梧州北部强对流大暴雨天气过程成因及预报技术难点等分析,结果表明:强对流暴雨主要由一个中尺度雨团在梧州北部附近活动而造成,冷空气与低层切变辐合配合使得强回波带在梧州北部近似静止,是造成此次强降水的主要原因;中小尺度系统分析判断为降水落区和预警预报起到关键作用。     

中尺度对流系统红外云图云顶黑体温度的分析

采用ＧＭＳ卫星红外云图的云顶黑体温度（ＴＢＢ）等值线分析方法，对１９９２年８月初在中国３个地区，不同环流背景下发生的中尺度对流系统（ＭＣＳ），即西南低涡内、西太平洋副热带高压的西北边缘和副高内部的ＭＣＳ进行了分析。结果表明，ＴＢＢ等值线分析方法能较细致地揭示ＭＣＳ的形成过程。冷云盖周围ＴＢＢ等值线疏密所反映的云顶温度梯度，对ＭＣＳ的发展有很好的指示意义。文中还给出了一个在消散阶段出现涡旋状结构的ＭＣＳ。这种涡旋结构不同与北美发现的中层中尺度气旋，它可能是凝结加热所产生的对流层高层的高压反气旋环流的反映。