Seasonal changes in larval fish assemblages in a semi-enclosed sea (Gulf of California)

The northern Gulf of California (NGC) is characterized by seasonal hydrography and circulation (cyclonic in summer and anticyclonic in winter), by intense tidal mixing in the midriff archipelago region (MAR), and by coastal upwelling on the eastern side from autumn to spring. We examined changes in larval fish assemblages (LFAs) in relation with hydrography and circulation during both phases of the seasonal circulation, as indicators of changes in the pelagic ecosystem. A canonical correspondence analysis defined LFAs (r>0.70), which were related with: (i) the coastal current on the mainland shelf, (ii) the central eddy and (iii) the MAR. In the early cyclonic phase, when the temperature and stratification were increasing and the coastal current was starting, demersal (Gobulus crescentalis, Lythrypnus dalli) and mesopelagic species (Benthosema panamense) dominated the NGC. The highest larval abundance was in the Current LFA area and the lowest in the MAR LFA area. In the mature cyclonic phase, the larval abundance increased in the NGC and species characteristic of eastern boundary current systems such as Opisthonema libertate and Engraulis mordax displaced the demersal species and became dominant, together with B. panamense in the Current LFA area; the latter species dominated in the Eddy LFA area. In the early anticyclonic phase, the direction of the coastal current reversed and the temperature and larval abundance decreased. E. mordax and B. panamense larvae continued dominating the NGC with higher abundance in the MAR than in the Current and Eddy LFA areas. In the mature anticyclonic phase, E. mordax larvae dominated in the Current and the Eddy LFA areas with the highest abundance in the former, while M. productus larvae (an eastern boundary current species) dominated in the Eddy LFA area. Results showed that in the NGC, the dramatically seasonal and predictable hydrographic and circulation features trigger the seasonal spawning of the dominant species. The biological richness of the coastal current area, in both circulation phases, suggested that this area has an important role in the pelagic ecosystem functionality of the NGC.     

2005年"5.31"湖南大暴雨中尺度模拟和发生机制

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和MM5模式15 km水平分辨率模拟的逐时资料,对2005年初夏湖南大暴雨的中尺度系统及其触发、维持机制进行了诊断分析研究。结果表明:高低空急流最佳配置,动力耦合关系建立为暴雨发生提供了有利的环境条件;中尺度系统在渝南、黔西生成后移入湖南停滞发展,加强了湖南上空动力不稳定条件,促进对流发展;偏南暖湿气流整层突然增强对暴雨的对流系统爆发性发展起十分重要的作用,它在中高层凝结释放潜热加热高层大气,对上升气流起到正反馈作用;高层大气强“抽吸”效应和前期降水产生地表潜热和感热的强迫作用亦是对流爆发性发展的重要因子。湖南复杂地形在暴雨启动机制中起重要作用。但敏感性试验表明,地形抬升不是这次暴雨唯一必需的触发条件,削平南方山地不仅能增强水汽输送,低层偏南气流增强还能加强地面中尺度系统的辐合作用,辐合抬升是触发机制之一。降雨过程发生发展主要受天气系统控制,地形效应可明显改变降雨落区和强度,迎(背)风坡度的增加(减小)通常使降雨加强,反之使降雨减弱。     

多源数据中尺度涡三维结构分析方法研究

作为重要的海洋中尺度现象之一,中尺度涡的研究受到人们的关注和重视。随着数值模式的进一步发展、卫星资料的累积、时间更长以及更多更有效的海上实测数据的取得,使得综合利用实测资料、卫星遥感资料、再分析/数值预报产品等数据源,对中尺度涡进行自动识别与三维结构分析成为中尺度涡研究的主要方向之一。在前期对卫星遥感资料中尺度涡自动检测算法进行研究的基础上,开展多源资料中尺度涡三维结构分析方法研究,以表面漂流浮标运动轨迹为中尺度涡的判定依据,综合利用高度计观测、红外遥感观测、以及再分析/数值预报产品分析中尺度涡三维结构信息,在此基础上,提出中尺度涡研究的发展方向,为全面分析中尺度涡的时空特性提供技术途径,为中尺度涡的动力机制研究奠定基础。     

绿洲附近荒漠大气逆湿的外场观测和数值模拟

用ＨＥＩＦＥ实验观测资料,给出了临近绿洲的荒漠大气比湿廓线的一些特性。并且用发展的二维中尺度土壤一植被一大气连续体数值模式模拟了绿洲及其临近荒漠大气的湿度廓线结构,再现了荒漠大气的逆湿,得到了荒漠大气比湿廓线几种典型形式及其表现规律,初步解释了荒漠大气逆湿形成的物理过程和机制。     

Mesoscale Wind Field Modifications over the Baltic Sea

For two consecutive days during spring 1997, the windfield over the Baltic Sea has been studied. Thestrength of the geostrophic wind speed is the majordifference in synoptic conditions between these twodays. During both days, the mesoscale wind field overmost of the Baltic Sea is quite heterogeneous; themodifications primarily being caused by the land-seacontrasts. On the day with the weaker wind speed,sea-breeze circulations develop. As a consequence, thewind direction at lower levels is more or lessopposite to the geostrophic over large areas of theBaltic Sea and the surface wind speed decreases withoffshore distance. Wind speed maxima caused by the seabreezes are found along the east coasts in the studiedarea. For the other day, the slow growth of a stableinternal boundary layer over the sea also gives asurface wind speed decrease with offshore distancefrom the coast.     

一次西南低涡发生发展的中尺度诊断

采用常规和非常规观测资料,对一次西南低涡发生、发展过程进行了初步诊断分析,结果表明：（１）与自由大气中低涡环流的变化相比,边界层内低涡环流的演变表现出非连续性特征,且涡区内的对流发展和降水也与此相一致。（２）大气边界层顶的非平衡动力强迫及５００ｈＰａ正涡度平流的动力作用对本例低涡的形成和发展有重要贡献。     

CABARET in the ocean gyres

A new high-resolution Eulerian numerical method is proposed for modelling quasigeostrophic ocean dynamics in eddying regimes. The method is based on a novel, second-order non-dissipative and low-dispersive conservative advection scheme called CABARET. The properties of the new method are compared with those of several high-resolution Eulerian methods for linear advection and gas dynamics. Then, the CABARET method is applied to the classical model of the double-gyre ocean circulation and its performance is contrasted against that of the common vorticity-preserving Arakawa method. In turbulent regimes, the new method permits credible numerical simulations on much coarser computational grids.     

Physical dynamics and biological implications of a mesoscale eddy in the lee of Hawai’i: Cyclone Opal observations during E-Flux III

E-Flux III (March 10–28, 2005) was the third and last field experiment of the E-Flux project. The main goal of the project was to investigate the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of mesoscale eddies that form in the lee of Maui and the Island of Hawai’i, focusing on the physical–biogeochemical interactions. The primary focus of E-Flux III was the cyclonic cold-core eddy Opal, which first appeared in the NOAA GOES sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery during the second half of February 2005. During the experiment, Cyclone Opal moved over 160 km, generally southward. Thus, the sampling design had to be constantly adjusted in order to obtain quasi-synoptic observations of the eddy. Analyses of ship transect-depth profiles of CTD, optical and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data revealed a well-developed feature characterized by a fairly symmetric circular shape with a radius of about 80 km. Depth profiles of temperature, salinity and density were characterized by an intense doming of isothermal, isohaline and isopycnal surfaces. Isopleths of nutrient concentrations were roughly parallel to isopycnals, indicating the upwelling of deep nutrient-rich water. The deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCML) shoaled from a depth of about 130 m in the outer regions of the eddy to about 60 m in the center. Chlorophyll concentrations reached their maximum values in Opal's core region (about 40 km in diameter), where nutrients were upwelled into the euphotic layer. ADCP velocity data clearly showed the cyclonic circulation associated with Opal. Vertical sections of tangential velocities were characterized by values that increased linearly with radial distance from near zero close to the center to a maximum of about at roughly 25 km from the center, and then slowly decayed. The vertical extent of the cyclonic circulation was primarily limited to the upper mixed layer, as tangential velocities decayed quite rapidly within a depth range of 90–130 m. Potential vorticity analysis suggests that only a relatively small (about 50 km in diameter) and shallow (to a depth of approximately 70 m) portion of the eddy is isolated from the surrounding waters. Radial movements of water can occur between the center of the eddy and the outer regions along density surfaces within an isopycnal range of σ–t_23.6 () and σ–t_24.4 (). Thus the biogeochemistry of the system might have been greatly influenced by these lateral exchanges of water at depth, especially during Opal's southward migration. While the eddy was translating, deep water in front of the eddy might have been upwelled into the core region, leading to an additional injection of nutrients into the euphotic zone. At the same time, part of the chlorophyll-rich waters in the core region might have remained behind the translating eddy and, thus contributed to the formation of an eddy wake characterized by relatively high chlorophyll concentrations.     

Microbial dynamics in cyclonic and anticyclonic mode-water eddies in the northwestern Sargasso Sea

The EDdy Dynamics, mixing, Export, and Species composition (EDDIES) project provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the response of the microbial community and further understand the biological and biogeochemical consequences of mesoscale perturbation events in an oligotrophic system. In order to characterize microbial dynamics, we performed measurements of bacterial biomass (BB) and production (BP) and phytoplankton pigment analyses in two upwelling eddies in the Sargasso Sea sampled in 2004 and 2005. We also observed a 3-fold increase in BP at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site during the passage of a cyclonic eddy in 2003. Although the integrated BB and BP over 140 m in 2004 and 2005 eddies remained within the climatological range measured at the BATS site, there was systematic variability in bacterioplankton dynamics across both eddies. Cyclonic eddy C1 demonstrated decreased BP at the feature's center relative to its periphery, and BP was not correlated with total chlorophyll a (TChl a) variability. However, BP correlated with prymnesiophyte pigments throughout the feature. In contrast, mode-water eddy A4 showed an enhancement in BP at the eddy center (EC) relative to its edges and was coincident with elevated TChl a, high primary production measurements, and a high concentration of diatoms. In eddy A4, the tight relationship between enhanced BP, TChl a and specific phytoplankton taxa implies that the phytoplankton community structure was an important factor influencing BP variability. While the heterotrophic bacterial response in C1 and A4 was not enhanced relative to BATS summer climatology, these data and the presence of similar nutrient fields across both eddies suggest that BP and BB were influenced by the eddy perturbations and responded to changes in the phytoplankton community.     

具有变分同化的η中尺度模式对2002年云南汛期降水的预报检验

三维变分同化系统由于能够正确反映多变量间的相互作用,分析结果合理,将变分同化系统与η坐标中尺度模式结合,对模式初始场进行同化前后对比试验,研究η坐标中尺度模式对云南降水的预报能力,并用2002年6-8月云南汛期降雨进行模拟试验。试验结果表明,η坐标数值模式采用变分同化后,对云南汛期降水的24 h预报评分提高明显,对小雨的预报评分提高辐度在2.1～5.0%间,对大雨的预报评分提高辐度在0.3～14.9%间,无论是对小雨还是大雨的预报,同化后模式对5区的预报最好。