北京“7·21”特大暴雨中的干侵入分析研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF V3.2模拟分析2012年7月21日发生在北京特大暴雨过程的天气形势与中尺度系统特征,并结合干侵入理论分析了暴雨过程中的干冷空气活动及其对暴雨的影响。结果表明,此次暴雨过程发生在高空槽引导冷空气南下与强盛的西南暖湿气流在华北一带剧烈交汇的天气形势下,西太平洋副热带高压阻碍了高空槽东移,使北京地区的降水过程维持较长时间。暴雨过程伴随着明显的中尺度对流复合体MCC活动,MCC的持续活动与降水中心在时空上具有一致性。WRF模式对暴雨过程有较好的模拟能力,降水发生之前的24 h内不断有来自35°N对流层顶附近的高位涡、低湿的干冷空气,沿着倾斜向北向下的路径侵入大气中低层39°N附近的700 h Pa高度。干侵入在降水开始前24 h到降水前10 h强度变化不大,随后略有减弱,在降水开始之后迅速减弱消失。干侵入对暴雨的影响主要通过在降水开始前及降水初期影响北京地区的大气热力与动力环境来完成。干侵入可以增大暴雨落区大气的位势不稳定,为对流发展储备充沛的对流有效位能,为MCC的发生、发展提供有利的环境条件。同时,干侵入增大了大气中低层的气旋性涡度,有利于中低层空气辐合上升运动,是引发北京地区局地的强对流天气,如MCC及其伴随的暴雨过程可能的触发机制。     

引发暴雨的西南低涡特征分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、逐时卫星云图资料和自动站资料,分析了与4次暴雨过程密切相关的中尺度系统西南低涡。结果表明,引发暴雨的西南低涡相对于环境场是湿涡,南边界是主要水汽输送方向。在西南低涡形成阶段,整层均为正涡度,一般维持深厚的上升气流,具有较为深厚的暖心结构。在其发展旺盛阶段,正涡度呈上升趋势,对流层中低层...     

台风暴雨中尺度系统与结构的数值研究

首先对８４０７，８４１１和８５０４号台风进行了数值模拟，并详细分析了模式输出的带通流场，发现；在湿台风引起的大范围暴雨区，低怪有强辐合，高怪有的大尺度辐散，而在干台风产生的弱降水区，高层则无中尺度辐散气流。其次，对引起暴雨突然增幅的８４０７号台风进行了对比试验，表明：台风大尺度环境场是产生台风暴雨中尺度系统的源，而凝结潜热释放和地形效应则是形成和影响这些中尺度系统中和中尺度的结构和重要因素。     

2012年7月内蒙古极端降水事件及成因

2012年7月下旬内蒙古中部出现罕见的极端降水事件(简称"7·27"暴雨)。利用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测和精细化监测等资料分析了"7·27"暴雨成因。结果表明:(1)贝加尔湖低涡异于常年。巴尔喀什湖到鄂霍茨克海为阻塞高压,其底部横槽加深生成贝加尔湖低涡。低涡内有冷空气活动,在对流层低层及地面激发出低涡和气旋。(2)该过程的中尺度特征明显。地面中尺度切变线不断新生、稳定维持,形成多个中尺度雨带。高空β中尺度对流云团不断新生、合并加强,形成对流复合体M CS。河套西北部、河套南部、锡林郭勒盟中西部三个暴雨区均是中尺度对流复合体M CS发展的结果。(3)垂直方向上,暴雨发生前到暴雨期从地面至700 h Pa的大气比湿达10~22 g·kg-1,且850~700 h Pa水汽垂直输送达到最强;水平方向上,南风风力辐合,末端到达45°N以北,河套南部地区为"水汽汇"。(4)对流层高层大气涡旋运动是该过程的直接诱因。大气涡旋运动由200 h Pa向700 h Pa传播,正涡度平流在700 h Pa到200 h Pa随高度增加,高层水平辐散、低层补偿辐合,大气强迫上升产生暴雨。(5)对流层中层持续"干侵入",低层持续的暖湿输送,大气不稳定能量不断重建,这是极端暴雨过程的热力机制。(6)随着全球气候变暖,亚洲夏季风加强,来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向东亚副热带地区输送加强,水汽输送进一步向北扩展到我国华北内陆地区,是"7·27"暴雨过程的重要原因。     

华南暖区一次暴雨中尺度系统的数值模拟

为深入了解华南暖区暴雨产生的机制, 首先利用观测资料和卫星云图对2005年5月9日华南暖区一次暴雨过程进行天气分析, 然后利用MM5V3.6数值模式对该次暴雨过程进行了模拟, 利用模拟的输出结果分析了中尺度系统的结构特征和成因。结果表明, 这次华南南部暖区的暴雨区出现在低空急流出口区左侧的辐合区与高空急流入口区右侧的辐散区相迭置的区域; 中尺度对流云团是暴雨的直接影响系统, 系统中心上空偏南气流强烈垂直上升与在系统以南对流层高层下沉的气流构成垂直闭合反环流, 低层气流风速辐合对暖区暴雨系统的形成和发展起决定性的作用。较大的螺旋度可能是暖区暴雨及其中尺度系统发生、 发展的一种重要机制, 可用来判断降水系统的形成和移动。     

Description and first results of an explicit electrical scheme in a 3D cloud resolving model

The three-dimensional non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MésoNH of the French community offers the numerical environment to develop a cloud electrification scheme in a consistent way with the original mixed phase microphysical scheme. The charge separation mechanisms are entirely due to non-inductive processes and result from elastic ice–snow, ice–graupel and snow–graupel collisions. The electric charges carried by each of the five hydrometeor categories are transported along the airflow and are exchanged according to the various microphysical mass transfer rates but assuming a power law distribution of the individual charges as a function of the particle size. The electric field is diagnosed at each time step after integrating the electric potential induced by a net charge density in the Poisson equation. Finally, a lightning ash is triggered when the electric field locally steps over a given threshold. It propagates in two opposite directions until the magnitude of the electric field falls below a prescribed value. A fractal branching algorithm is then activated to extend lightning streamers away from the main channel and toward cloudy regions where substantial charge densities are present. Charges are neutralized along the tortuous lightning path with a simple procedure that preserves total charge conservation.The complete electrification scheme tested for an ideal case of vigorous supercellular storm shows an intense electrical activity all along its lifecycle. We show that the model is able to produce a direct tripolar structure of the charges as the result of a temperature charge reversal of − 10 °C and of the different sedimentation rates of the hydrometeors.     

Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes

During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes. The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m) contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding 2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales.     

广西西江流域致洪暴雨过程中尺度特征及机制分析

利用广西逐站逐小时降水量、1°×1°逐小时FY-2C的TBB资料和1°×1°逐6 h NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用空间25点平滑滤波方法,分析了2005年6月18~22日西江流域致洪暴雨过程的中尺度特征及其发生、发展的机制。结果表明:这次致洪暴雨过程的降水时空分布不均,具有明显的中尺度特征。雨团集中出现在TBB值的低值中心、低值中心北侧等值线密集的地方以及等值线曲率大的地方。镶嵌于大尺度西南气流中的中尺度涡旋系统在西江流域反复生成,导致对流云团不断生成和加强,是此次暴雨产生的直接原因。暴雨区上空中尺度经向垂直环流圈的存在对中尺度涡旋和对流云团的发生和发展具有促进作用。中低层弱的对流不稳定与强的水平风垂直切变和湿斜压性共存是此次暴雨产生和持续发展的重要机制。     

我国南方MCC的涡度、水汽和热量收支平衡

采用合成分析方法 ,将我国南方中尺度对流复合体的生命史划分为 7个子阶段 ,详细探讨MCC演变过程中的涡度、水汽和热量收支平衡演变特征 ,着重分析了中小尺度系统在MCC过程中的作用。结果表明 :( 1)在MCC过程中 ,中γ尺度和中 β尺度系统活动是引起涡度不平衡的重要原因。( 2 )在MCC初始阶段有中小尺度对流系统消耗MCC的水汽、热量而积极活动 ,造成MCC的视热汇、视水汽汇。成熟阶段的源区域表明有中小尺度系统的活动造成MCC的视热源、视水汽源 ,这是MCC具有长生命史的原因。MCC后期 ,中小尺度对流系统活动造成的视水汽汇和视热汇 ,与有利的大尺度天气条件的逐渐消亡 ,使MCC渐渐消失。 ( 3 )MCC的形成和启动受大尺度环境场的控制 ;一旦MCC开始活动 ,对流层低层、中层的中尺度对流系统活动对MCC的发展与持续过程有十分重要的作用 ;在MCC前期 ,中小尺度对流活动消耗MCC的总能量而启动 ;在成熟阶段中小尺度对流活动释放总能量造成了MCC的长生命史 ;MCC后期 ,大形势发生改变 (如位势不稳定度的变化等 ) ,积云对流活动和(或 )中尺度对流活动的作用与大尺度形势趋势一致 ,致使MCC消亡。 ( 4 )在MCC前期 ,潜热释放是主要加热因子 ;而后对流垂直输送水汽和热量的作用比对流凝结加热的作用大。     

Circulatory Patterns of Air Pollutants within the Barcelona Air Basin in a Summertime situation: Lidar and Numerical Approaches

This work examines circulatory patterns of airpollutants in the area of Barcelona (Spain), a regionwith strong coastal and orographic influences. Thiswas achieved through exploitation ofelastic-backscatter lidar data and by numericalsimulation of the atmosphere with a meteorologicalmesoscale model (MEMO). Lidar data were acquired inJuly 1992 during a collaborative campaign between LosAlamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the PolytechnicUniversity of Catalonia (UPC). The lidar providedinformation about the distribution of aerosols and theprevailing winds, determined by application of amaximum cross-correlation algorithm toelastic-backscatter lidar data. Lidar winds are usedto evaluate high altitude winds simulated by themodel. This study showed that circulatory patterns inBarcelona are correlated with daytime convectivevertical mixing, sea-breeze circulations, and verticalforcing caused by mountain thermal and mechanicaleffects.