Non-point source pollution in Indian agriculture: Estimation of nitrogen losses from rice crop using remote sensing and GIS

The paper presents a detailed understanding of nitrogenous fertilizer use in Indian agriculture and estimation of seasonal nitrogen loosses from rice crop in Indo-Gangetic plain region, the ‘food bowl’ of the Indian sub-continent. An integrated methodology was developed for quantification of different forms of nitrogen losses from rice crop using remote sensing derived inputs, field data of fertilizer application, collateral data of soil and rainfall and nitrogen loss coefficients derived from published nitrogen dynamics studies. The spatial patterns of nitrogen losses in autumn or ‘kharif’ and spring or ‘rabi’ season rice at 1 × 1 km grid were generated using image processing and GIS. The nitrogen losses through leaching in form of urea-N, ammonium-N (NH₄-N) and nitrate-N (NO₃-N) are dominant over ammonia volatilization loss. The study results indicate that nitrogen loss through leaching in kharif and rabi rice is of the order of 34.9% and 39.8% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer in the Indo-Gangetic plain region. This study provides a significant insight to the role of nitrogenous fertilizer as a major non-point source pollutant from agriculture.     

内蒙桌子山地区凝结水对岩溶地下水补给的探讨

内蒙古桌子山区为西北干旱地区,平均年降水量不足200mm。区内中、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩中岩溶水是当地重要供水水源。该区岩溶地下水氢氧同位素关系图表明,其样点基本分布在当地雨水线左上方,存在明显的反向“氧漂移”现象,这种现象在作者所见到我国北方多数岩溶泉域岩溶地下水的同位素分布是唯一的。通过本区特定的气候、水文地质条件以及自然条件分析认为,本区岩溶地下水中可能存在凝结水的补给,这一观点在2004年8月30日清晨的露水同位素取样分析后得到了进一步支持。      

云南麻栗坡地区成矿元素的多重分形特征与成矿预测

对麻栗坡地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量数据的统计分析表明,W、Sn、Pb、Zn、Cu等主要成矿元素不完全服从正态分布和对数正态分布,而表现出多重分形结构特征。因此,采用传统的地质统计学方法提取异常显然不能客观地反映区域的成矿元素分布特征。本文引用了C-A多重分形模型来研究该地区成矿元素特征,并有效提取各元素异常下限值,结合区域成矿地质背景,对区内成矿潜力进行初步预测。实践表明,分形方法所提取的剩余异常与研究区的矿产分布较为相符,较好地反映了研究区成矿元素分布规律,为研究区成矿预测提供了依据。     

基于VAD技术的迭代法在实测多普勒速度缺测区域的填补研究

多普勒天气雷达径向速度场缺测区域的存在是影响速度二次产品算法精确度的重要因素,在实际风场为线性分布的假设条件下,文中详细介绍了一种基于VAD技术的迭代填补技术.在合理考虑迭代约束条件的情况下,应用实测多普勒速度数据,根据缺测区域类型随机制造非连续累积10°-180°缺口的缺测区域和连续累积10°-180°缺口的缺测区域...     

青藏高原新生代火车头山碱性及钙碱性两套火山岩的地球化学特征及其物源讨论

藏北羌塘火车头山新生代火山岩可区分为钙碱性及碱性两个不同的系列.钙碱性火山岩主要岩石组合为玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩,其SiO2介于49%～70%之间,Al2O3＞10%,Na2O/K2O＞1;其中玄武岩具平坦型稀土配分型式,LREE/HREE为1.3～1.8,（La/Yb）N为2.87～4.45,无明显铕异常,δEu为0.96～1.09;该套岩石的Mg#与SiO2相关关系以及La/Sm-La等亲岩浆元素与超亲岩浆元素协变关系表明,它们应为幔源岩浆经分离结晶演化的产物,其岩石组合类型以及低的Sm/Yb值（Sm/Yb=1.53～5.35）表明它们的原始岩浆应来源于岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的局部熔融.本区碱性火山岩为一套典型的钾质岩石系列,主要岩石组合类型为碱玄岩-碱玄质响岩-响岩,其SiO2介于44%～59%之间,Al2O3＞14%,Na2O/K2O介于0.47～1.51之间;岩石轻稀土强烈富集,LREE/HREE为13.20～15.76,（La/Yb）N=50.44～91.99;其岩石组合类型以及Mg^#与SiO2相关关系以及La/Sm-La协变关系同样表明它们为共源岩浆分离结晶演化的产物;然而,其较高的Sm/Yb值（Sm/Yb=2.63～13.98）表明它们并非地幔橄榄岩直接局部熔融的产物,岩石弱的负Eu异常（δEu=0.77～0.85）以及Th、U的强烈富集和Nb、Ta的相对亏损,又反映了原始岩浆中有显著的地壳物质的贡献;该套钾质碱性系列岩石在La/Co-Th/Co同分母协变图上呈直线型分布,而在La/Co-Sc/Th异分母协变图上呈显著的双曲线分布,从而表明其源区为二源混合型,是青藏高原特殊的壳幔混合层局部熔融的产物,这些特征是新生代青藏高原壳幔层圈物质交换的重要岩石学证据.     

Sm–Nd geochronology and petrography of garnet pyroxene granulites in the northern Sulu region of China and their geotectonic implication

Abundant garnet-bearing granulite lenses are widely distributed in the northern part of the Sulu region and adjacent areas. They are possibly re-metamorphosed high-pressure metamorphic rocks. On the basis of detailed petrographic study, samples WD01, WD04 and ML06 from Laixi and Wendeng were identified as high-pressure granulites, and WH1 from Weihai as an original coesite-bearing eclogite. Three high-pressure granulite samples give mineral-WR isochron ages of 1846±76, 1743±79 and 1752±30 Ma. TDM ages are 3.3, 3.0 and 2.8 Ga. The Sm–Nd mineral-WR isochron ages are interpreted to date as the metamorphic resetting within the medium-pressure granulite facies, representing an isotopic re-homogeneity during uplifting of the high-pressure granulites from deep continent crust. It is important that Sm–Nd chronological characteristics are the same as Archaean high-pressure granulites in the North China craton. However, sample WH1 from Weihai demonstrates abnormal Sm–Nd characteristics. Its whole rock _Nd (0) value is +129. TDM age is 1.3 Ga, and constrains the minimum age of re-metamorphosed eclogite protolith formation to the mid-Proterozoic. This result is identical to those reported by Jahn (1994), showing complicated processes of metamorphism and metasomatism. The data in this paper provide further evidence to define the boundary between the North China craton and UHPM belt in eastern Shandong and to understand the geotectonic nature of the boundary.     

云南地区水质前兆异常与M≥6.0级地震关系研究

对云南地区水质前兆观测项目进行全面清理,以月均值为基础,总结水质前兆观测项目的个体异常,群体异常与云南地区Ｍ≥６．０级地震１年尺度内的对应关系。     

利用GEOSAT／ERM卫星测高数据计算中国近海海平面

本文利用一年（１９８６年１１月８日～１９８７年１１月１７日）２２个ＥＲＭ周期的ＧＥＯＳＡＴ卫星测高数据计算出中国近海海域（１０５°～１３５°Ｅ，０°～４０°Ｎ）相对于ＧＲＳ８０参考椭球面的１°×１°年平均海平面。该海平面我们称之为ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面。在数据处理过程中，由于采用了混合轨道误差模型及交叠平差技术，极大地消除了在误差中占主要成分的径向轨道误差影响，使得ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面的总体精度达到±２０～３０ｃｍ（ＲＭＳ）水平。与ＯＳＵ９１Ａ重力大地水准面模型相比较可以发现两者具有惊人的一致性。     

Characteristics of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tectonic Stress Fields of the Urumqi-Usu Region, Xinjiang

Based on the study of folds and related conjugate shear joints, the tectonic stress fields of the Urumqi-Usu region to the north of the North Tianshan Mountains have been reconstructed. Furthermore the author discussed the tectonic movements and their dynamic features. The early tectonic movement in the investigated region occurred from the end of the Late Jurassic to the initial stage of the Early Cretaceous, with the maximum (tensile) and minimum (compressional) principal stress trajectories in the tectonic stress field being in E-W and S-N directions respectively; the late tectogenesis took place from the end of the Early Pleistocene to the initial Middle Pleistocene, with the maximum and minimum principal stress trajectories in the late stress field striking in WNW and NE-NNE directions respectively. Through computer-aided simulated calculation by the finite element method and analysis of geological structure, it has been ascertained that the early tectogenesis is a nearly N-S compressive movement and the late one a NE to nearly N-S compressive movement with reverse shear. The dynamic force which caused the tectogeneses came from the movement of the southern major fault, i.e. the North Tianshan Mountains.     

京津唐地区深部挤压带特征及其与地震的关系

京津唐地区的深部挤压带轴线沿宁河、香河、昌平一线呈南东—北西走向,在通过该带的北东向Ｍ和Ｃ面上均有一向北西弯曲的弧形。地壳下部和上地幔顶部层位呈透镜状增厚,浅部的北东向断裂也向北西弯曲。应力测量表明现今该带的应力场为向北西挤压。深部挤压作用是由渤海底部的扩张所产生的。该挤压带控制着地震的发生,特别其北东侧是一个强地震区