Accelerating the convergence of coupled geomechanical‐reservoir simulations

The pressure variations during the production of petroleum reservoir induce stress changes in and around the reservoir. Such changes of the stress state can induce marked deformation of geological structures for stress sensitive reservoirs as chalk or unconsolidated sand reservoirs. The compaction of those reservoirs during depletion affects the pressure field and so the reservoir productivity. Therefore, the evaluation of the geomechanical effects requires to solve in a coupling way the geomechanical problem and the reservoir multiphase fluid flow problem. In this paper, we formulate the coupled geomechanical‐reservoir problem as a non‐linear fixed point problem and improve the resolution of the coupling problem by comparing in terms of robustness and convergence different algorithms. We study two accelerated algorithms which are much more robust and faster than the conventional staggered algorithm and we conclude that they should be used for the iterative resolution of coupled reservoir‐geomechanical problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强夯碎石土地基土体结构的试验研究

通过现场容重试验和注水试验研究了碎石土地基的密度和渗透性在强夯处理前后的变化,探讨了强夯对土体结构的影响.试验结果表明：强夯能有效改善碎石土的结构,且浅部明显,随深度增加表现出逐渐不明显的趋势;强夯作用下,土体结构的改变在3m以上区域为颗粒填充所致,3m以下则为土体孔隙压缩.     

Experimental research on the mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments during hydrate dissociation

This paper describes studies of the effect of hydrate dissociation on the safety and stability of methane hydrate-bearing sediments. Methane hydrates within the sediments were dissociating under the conditions of a confining pressure of 0.5 MPa, 1 MPa, 2 MPa and a temperature of −5 °C. After 6 h, 24 h, or 48 h, a series of triaxial compression tests on methane hydrate-bearing sediments were performed. The tests of ice-clay and sediments without hydrate dissociation were performed for comparison. Focusing on the mechanical properties of the sediments, the experimental results indicated that the shear strength of the ice-clay mixtures was lower than that of the methane hydrate-bearing sediments. The strength of the sediments was reduced by hydrate dissociation, and the strength tended to decrease further at the lower confining pressures. The secant modulus E_S of the sediments dropped by 42.6% in the case of the dissociation time of the hydrate of 48 h at the confining pressure of 1 MPa; however, the decline of the initial yield modulus E₀ was only 9.34%. The slower hydrate dissociation rate contributed to reducing the failure strength at a declining pace. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb strength theory, it was concluded that the decrease in strength was mainly affected by the cohesive reduction. Moreover, the mathematical expression of the M–C criterion related to the hydrate dissociation time was proposed. This research could be valuable for the safety and stability of hydrate deposits in a permafrost region.     

钢管土钉结合压密注浆在深厚杂填土基坑中的应用

通过工程实例,介绍了一种在深厚杂填土基坑中运用钢管土钉结合压密注浆技术的围护方法,对钢管土钉及压密注浆的设计及施工作了详细说明。监测结果表明,该支护方法可以有效控制基坑变形,确保基坑及地下结构施工期的安全,为类似条件的基坑围护工程提供借鉴。     

回填碾压地基的CFG桩加固工程

针对回填碾压地层条件,选择高置换率CFG桩复合地基方案进行地基处理。利用合理的复合地基构造形式,改善其受力特性,充分发挥桩体和桩间土的承载能力,达到了提高地基承载力、减少地基沉降的工程效果,取得了良好的经济技术效益。     

吹填砂场地强夯振动特性研究及安全评估

针对曹妃甸工业园区液化天然气储罐地基加固过程中所引起的地面振动进行了深入研究,通过对现场强夯振动观测记录进行统计分析、频域分析以及规律拟合,给出了吹填砂场地上强夯所引起的地面振动衰减规律、振幅（振速）随夯击次数的变化规律以及强夯振动的主频变化规律,并就场地周围已存的海堤工程和天然气储罐工程进行了振动安全评估,为现场强夯施工参数的选取提供了理论支撑,同时也弥补了国内对于类似场地振动特性研究不足的局面。     

A broad‐scale assessment of the effect of improved soil management on catchment baseflow index

Although the importance of sustainable soil management is recognized, there are many threats to soils including widespread soil structural degradation. This reduces infiltration through the soil surface and/or the percolation of water through the soil profile, with important consequences for crop yields, nutrient cycling and the hydrological response of catchments. This article describes a broad‐scale modelling approach to assess the potential effect that improved agricultural soil management, through reduced soil structural degradation, may have on the baseflow index (BFI) of catchments across England and Wales. A daily soil–water balance model was used to simulate the indicative BFI of 45 696 thirty‐year model runs for different combinations of soil type, soil/field condition, land cover class and climate which encapsulate the variability across England and Wales. The indicative BFI of catchments was then calculated by upscaling the results by spatial weighting. WaSim model outputs of indicative BFI were within the 95% confidence intervals of the national‐average BFI values given for the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST ? ) classes for 26 of the 28 classes. At the catchment scale, the concordance correlation coefficient between the BFI from the WaSim model outputs and those derived from HOST was 0·83. Plausible improvements in agricultural soil/field condition produced modest simulated increases of up to 10% in the indicative BFI in most catchments across England and Wales, although for much of southern and northern England the increases were less than 5%. The results suggest that improved soil management might partially mitigate the expected adverse effects of climate change on baseflow to rivers. Healthy, well‐functioning soils produce many additional benefits such as better agricultural yields and reduced pollutant movement, so improved soil management should provide win‐win opportunities for society, agricultural systems and the environment and provide resilience to some of the expected environmental impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雄安新区雾迷山组岩溶热储成储机制及发育模式

雄安新区雾迷山组地热资源丰富,研究其岩溶热储特征及其形成机理对于雄安新区清洁地热资源的开发利用具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。前人已经对该区雾迷山组油气储集层的分布、古岩溶、成岩作用、储集空间等特征做过一定的研究,但对于该区雾迷山组地热资源的成储机制、特别是3期岩溶等成岩特征尚缺乏系统性的研究。充分利用野外露头、岩心、薄片和测录井等地质及地球物理资料,并结合区域地质背景的分析,对雄安新区雾迷山组的岩石学特征、成岩作用、岩溶热储的成储机制进行了深入研究,并建立了雄安新区雾迷山组岩溶热储的发育模式。结果表明：(1)雄安新区雾迷山组主要岩性为白云岩,主要的储集空间为次生孔隙和构造缝—构造溶蚀缝,热储孔渗变化较大;(2)雄安新区最主要的建设性成岩作用是3种溶蚀作用,包括同生—准同生溶蚀、表生溶蚀和埋藏溶蚀,主要破坏性成岩作用是压实作用和胶结作用;(3)根据构造演化、岩心及测井资料,将表生溶蚀作用划分为3期,分别是芹峪期、印支期和燕山—喜山期。芹峪期雾迷山组局部出露遭受淋滤,形成的溶孔经后期改造后不易识别;印支期大部分区域抬升并遭受淋滤,形成高孔渗储集层,后期遭受了进一步改造;燕山—喜山期是雄安新...     

泥质杂基含量对柴达木盆地昆2井孔隙演化模式影响的压实模拟实验研究

随着勘探程度的提高,油气勘探必然向深层延伸。弄清深部储层的孔隙演化规律,提高预测精度,是深入勘探的重要基础。通过对柴达木盆地昆2井岩屑和岩芯样品的系统采集,运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜和测井解释等手段,系统分析了古近系与新近系地层的岩石学、矿物学和储层物性特征,发现泥质杂基含量与砂岩的孔隙演化密切相关。为了正演孔隙的演化过程,运用分选很好的风成石英砂和粒度细小的红色粘土为材料,按照粘土杂基含量为5%、10%、15%、20%,制作了四类石英砂开展模拟实验。松散沉积物的压实模拟,从1.4MPa试验加压到210.4MPa,分别进行了21个循环实验。将实验模拟的结果,与昆2井的岩芯资料进行了对比分析。研究表明,碎屑岩泥质杂基含量越高,初始孔隙度越小,孔隙度衰减越快;泥质含量较低的净砂岩,当上覆压力达到76.5MPa时,颗粒大量破碎并重新排列,导致粒间体积减缩以及少量直线型粒内裂缝出现,储层物性明显变差。压实模拟的实验数据,能够为快速沉降区砂岩的储层质量预测提供依据。     

砂质碎屑储层钙质夹层形成机理及其主控因素分析

砂岩储层中局部钙的富集是影响储层物性的重要因素之一,因此揭示钙形成的主控因素及形成机理,对油田后期的高效开发无疑具有重要意义。在砂质碎屑岩中,钙的富集一般以"钙尖"的形式产出,有顶底钙形式、也有团块状等等。本文通过物理化学分析手段,剖析钙离子的来源,钙离子富集条件及钙质沉淀机理及其主控因素。研究结果表明,钙离子主要在同生、表生与深埋成岩作用期析出,各类酸性水是其催化条件。在同生与表生作用期,在湖(海)平面下降,河道变迁等条件下,通过蒸发作用,化学反应平衡左移,形成含钙化合物沉淀。利用苏里格气田东区目的层丰富的地下水地球化学组成分析资料,经综分析表明,目的层钙质夹层形成地质条件复杂,为深埋成岩、同生与表生混合作用下的产物,其中深埋成岩作是其主要形成时期,而其余少量钙质夹层则是在同生或表生期形成,并进一步明确了深埋成岩作用是苏里格气田东区钙质夹层富集的主控因素。