二种地震频谱分析方法的比较

利用最大熵谱法和快速傅里叶变换分别对天祝地震序列频谱进行了分析,并对分析结果进行了比较,结果表明,上述２种方法对于提取地震波中的有用信息都是有效的,可靠的,最大熵谱法的分辨率较高,傅里叶变换分辨率较低,但使用简单、方便。     

Rapid vertical sampling in stably stratified turbulent shear flows

A new method for obtaining instantaneous vertical profiles of two components of velocity and temperature in thermally stratified turbulent shear flows is presented. In this report, the design and construction of the traversing system will be discussed and results to date will be presented. The method is based on rapid vertical sampling whereby probe sensors are moved vertically at a high speed such that the measurement is approximately instantaneous. The system is designed to collect many measurements for the calculation of statistics such as vertical wave number spectra, mean square vertical gradients, and Thorpe scales. Results are presented for vertical profiles of temperature and compared to vertical profiles measured by single-point Eulerian time averages. The quality of the vertical profiles is found to be good over many profiles. Some comparisons are made between vertical measurements and standard single-point Eulerian measurements for three cases of stably stratified turbulent shear flow in which the initial microscale Reynolds number, Re_λ≈30. In case 1, the mean conditions are characterized by a gradient Richardson number, Ri_g=0.015, for which the flow is “unstable”, meaning the spatially evolving turbulent kinetic energy (E_k) grows. In case 2, Ri_g=0.095, for which the evolving turbulent kinetic energy is almost constant. In case 3, the flow is highly stable, where Ri_g=0.25 and E_k decays with spatial evolution. The measurements indicate anisotropy in the small scales for all cases. In particular, it is found that the ratio grows initially to a maximum and then decays with further evolution. Maximum Thorpe displacements are measured and compared to single-point measures of the vertical scales. It is found that vertical length scales derived from single-point measurements, such as the Ozmidov scale, L_O=(ε/N³)^1/2 and the overturn scale, L_t=θ′/(dT/dz), do not represent well the wide range of overturning scales which are actually present in the turbulence.     

末次盛冰期以来南海北部神狐海域沉积有机质的组成特征及其古气候/环境意义

通过对两根沉积柱GHE27L和GHE24L的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、C/N比值及稳定碳同位素（δ13C_org）的分析,本文探讨了21.1 ka BP以来南海北部陆坡神狐海域沉积有机质的组成特征及可能的古气候/环境信息。沉积柱GHE27L的TOC含量、TN含量、C/N比值及δ13C_org值分别为0.53%~1.81%,0.07%~0.18%,8.2~16.0和-23.6‰~-20.3‰。沉积柱GHE24L各参数则分布为0.45%~1.65%,0.09%~0.24%,5.3~12.2和-22.6‰~-20.4‰。沉积柱总体有机质的剖面变化显示,末次盛冰期以来南海北部沉积有机质具有海洋和陆地混合来源,但以海洋有机质来源为主。冰期陆源有机质对总有机质的相对贡献比全新世高。末次盛冰期南海北部气候相对干旱,C₄植被发育。全新世夏季风增强、降雨增多。自2.0 ka BP以来,人类活动对南海北部海洋初级生产力产生一定的影响。     

南海东北部夏季叶绿素a浓度垂向变化特征及其对水动力过程的响应*

叶绿素a浓度是估算海洋初级生产力的一个重要参数, 在海洋中垂向分布极不均匀, 其分布特征及影响机制是海洋生态学研究的重要基础问题。利用海洋光学观测的高垂向分辨率剖面数据, 系统地研究叶绿素a浓度垂向剖面的时空分布特征及其与海洋动力环境要素的关系, 可为揭示南海典型动力过程的生态环境效应提供重要基础。文章基于2015年夏季黑潮调查航次实测生物光学剖面, 利用676nm处吸收基线高度(a_LH(676))与叶绿素a浓度(Chla)之间的关系, 建立了具有较高反演精度的叶绿素a浓度反演算法(Chla=49.96×(a_LH(676))^0.9339, 决定系数R²=0.87和均方根误差RMSE=0.16mg·m^-3); 进一步结合观测期间物理过程, 揭示了叶绿素垂向分布对不同水动力过程的响应特征。研究结果表明, 近岸区域表层叶绿素a浓度变化范围为0.42~1.57mg·m^-3, 随着水深增加, 叶绿素a浓度逐渐降低, 在沿岸上升流影响区域, 叶绿素a浓度明显增高, 垂向上相对趋于均一分布; 次表层叶绿素极大值(Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum, SCM)现象在外海显著存在, 受中尺度过程影响明显, SCM深度在34m到100m之间变化, 在吕宋岛以西海域, 黑潮入侵加速了上层水体的混合, SCM所在水层被显著抬升至34m左右; 在冷涡影响区域, 次表层叶绿素极大值层被抬升, 涡旋中心比涡旋边缘抬升更为显著, 同时SCM的厚度增大。     

从藻类化石的垂直分布探讨杭州西湖的演变历程

于１９９４年春在杭州西湖东北面,西面及湖中心小瀛洲３个钻孔共取了７０号岩芯样,经浮选,筛选,以显微镜检鉴定化石藻种,并分析其垂直分布,从而探讨西湖的形成历史,西湖自晚更新世以来的６个化石藻带由下而上依次为：轮藻带,微藻带,微红金颗藻－近缘针杆藻－条纹小环藻带,圆筛藻带,圆筛藻－近缘针杆藻－微红金颗藻桥穹藻－异极藻－短缝藻带和水花束丝藻带,从而反映了西湖的６个发育时期,淡水古湖沼期,淡咸水过渡期,海     

Evaluations and Ensemble Approaches of Western-Pacific Subtropical High and South-Asian High Ensemble Forecasting in GRAPES-GEPS

Based on the operational standard indices, the prediction skills of the Western-Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and South-Asian High (SAH) using 2019 real-time forecasts derived from the Global Ensemble Prediction System of GRAPES (GRAPES-GEPS) in China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Numerical Prediction Center were evaluated and the effects of different ensemble approaches on the prediction skills of WPSH and SAH indices were further investigated in this study. The results show that for WPSH, the GRAPES-GEPS has its highest prediction skill for the ridge line index, considerably high skill for the intensity and area indices, but relatively low skill for the western boundary index, and for SAH, it has comparatively high skill for the intensity and center latitude indices, but relatively lower skill for the center longitude index. Prediction errors of the GRAPES-GEPS for the WPSH forecasts are featured by the weaker intensity and area and the more eastward center position, compared with the observation, which can be effectively reduced by employing the maximum/minimum approach from ensemble members, relative to the ensemble mean approach. By direct comparison, prediction errors of the GRAPES-GEPS for the SAH forecasts are featured by the weaker intensity and the more southward center position, which tends to be slightly reduced using the ensemble mean approach. Finally, for the extreme forecast, the maximum approach provides superior performance for both WPSH and SAH than the ensemble mean approach, which can be validated in terms of the two extreme cases. These results clearly indicate that the maximum approach could better improve the GRAPES-GEPS performance for the extreme forecasting of the two primary circulation patterns than the traditional ensemble mean approach.     

Chronology of the last recession of the Greenland Ice Sheet

A new deglaciation chronology for the ice‐free parts of Greenland, the continental shelf and eastern Ellesmere Island (Canada) is proposed. The chronology is based on a new compilation of all published radiocarbon dates from Greenland, and includes crucial new material from southern, northeastern and northwestern Greenland. Although each date provides only a minimum age for the local deglaciation, some of the dates come from species that indicate ice‐proximal glaciomarine conditions, and thus may be connected with the actual ice recession. In addition to shell dates, dates from marine algae, lake sediments, peat, terrestrial plants and driftwood also are included. Only offshore and in the far south have secure late‐glacial sediments been found. Other previous reports of late‐glacial sediments (older than 11.5 cal. kyr BP) from onshore parts of Greenland need to be confirmed. Most of the present ice‐free parts of Greenland and Nares Strait between Greenland and Ellesmere Island were not deglaciated until the early Holocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of the electron density in MgO, (Mg0.963Fe0.037)O and Cu2O by the maximum entropy method and multipole refinements: comparison between methods

 The electron densities determined by the maximum entropy method and by the multipole refinement approach are compared with each other, in terms of some topological properties according to the Bader formalism (Laplacian and eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix of the electron density at the critical points). The cases of MgO, (Mg,Fe)O and Cu₂O are examined. The best agreement is observed for the critical points along the Mg–O, (Mg,Fe)–O and Cu–O directions, whereas larger discrepancies occur at the other critical points. Plots of the electron densities generated by the maximum entropy method and the multipole formalism along the most representative crystallographic directions contribute to elucidating the comparison between approaches. Received: 3 July 2001 / Accepted: 7 March 2002     

洋山港海域与长江口相似性研究

根据洋山港海域的水文泥沙观测资料和长江口的研究文献分析，洋山港海域与长江口存在较多相似现象。2者均存在滞流区现象是产生其它相似现象的根本原因。即高悬沙浓度区分布特征，表层沉积特征和浅滩区分布特征的相似性是滞流区现象的衍生效应。洋山港海域与长江口的诸多相似现象揭示：（1）滞流区的动力平衡作用是最大浑浊带和拦门沙浅滩形成的主导因素；（2）滞沙区通常位于滞流区地形束窄一侧；（3）滞流区的细颗粒物质沉积区与滞流点位置（或滞流区形态）有着较为一致的吻合性，洋山港海域与长江口区间属于未来开发的热点地区，对2者的相似现象开展深入的研究将有着较深的理论和实际意义。