我国海洋功能区划的回顾性评价和新一轮编制建议

为完善我国海洋功能区划制度,提高海洋功能区划的编制和实施水平,促进其在我国海洋空间规划乃至国土空间规划中发挥应有作用,文章对我国现行海洋功能区划的实施情况进行回顾性评价,并对新一轮海洋功能区划的编制提出建议。研究结果表明:我国海洋功能区划法律地位高、管控范围广,现行海洋功能区划实施以来,通过建立定量目标管控体系、协调保障行业用海和保护海洋生态环境,对我国海洋经济和海洋生态环境的可持续发展做出巨大贡献;针对实施过程中存在的问题,新一轮海洋功能区划的编制应扩大海洋保护区的规模和种类、提高前瞻性和动态适应性、加强公众实质性参与以及完善技术体系。     

Air-sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean during several contrasting monsoon seasons

Monthly mean anomaly fields of various parameters like sea surface temperature, air temperature, wind stress, effective radiation at the surface, heat gain over the ocean and the total heat loss between a good and bad monsoon composite and the evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea and southern hemisphere have been studied over the tropical Indian Ocean. The mean rates of evaporation on a seasonal scale over the Arabian Sea during a good and bad monsoon composites were equal (about 2·48 × 10¹⁰ tons/day). The evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere were greater during all the months. The mean evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere on a seasonal scale for the good and bad monsoon composites were 4·4 × 10¹⁰ and 4·6 × 10¹⁰ tons/day respectively. The maximum evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere were observed in August. The anomalies of wind stress, effective radiation at the surface and the heat gain over the ocean also exhibit large variations in August, as compared to other monsoon months.     

基于南黄海盆地海相油气的海洋立体宽线地震勘探技术设想

南黄海盆地中—古生代海相碳酸盐岩具有良好的油气前景,由于埋藏深、厚度大、构造复杂等特殊地震地质条件的原因,地震原始资料品质差,严重地制约了勘探进程。综合常规宽线和上下缆勘探技术的优势,提出了海洋立体宽线(MTBL)地震勘探新技术设想,对其改善地震资料品质的作用和优势进行了分析,为南黄海海相油气地震的勘探工作者提供了参考。     

Quantitative assessment of dissolved radiotracers in the English Channel: Sources, average impact of la Hague reprocessing plant and conservative behaviour (1983, 1986, 1988, 1994)

Knowledge of long-term movements of water-masses in the English Channel has been substantially improved using hydrodynamic modelling coupled with radio-tracers studies; nevertheless, the precision of results so obtained is still largely dependent on measurement precision. New tools are now available to make more accurate determinations of radio-tracer distribution: (1) Repositioning of station locations at the same tide reference-time, giving a homogeneous spatial data set, coupled with the possibility of interpolating and quantifying the amounts of dissolved radioactivity flowing through the English Channel; (2) the first measurements of tritium (³H) in seawater on a large scale in the English Channel demonstrate that this fully conservative radionuclide is a clearly identifiable marker of industrial releases; (3) recent campaigns carried out during the FLUXMANCHE II CCE (1994) programme show the general distribution of dissolved radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, ¹²⁵Sb, ¹⁰⁶Ru and ³H in the English Channel and the Irish Sea; and (4) the re-utilisation of data from previous campaigns (1983, 1986, 1988) provides indications, at any given location in the English Channel, about the average dilution and distribution of releases derived from the La Hague reprocessing plant. Excesses and losses of radionuclides are now quantified with respect to known source terms; estimates of losses are provided for non-conservative radionuclides, while an excess of ¹³⁷Cs was observed in the English Channel during the period 1983–1994. This excess, which has the same order of magnitude as the quantities released from La Hague plant in the English Channel, could be explained by about 1% of the Sellafield reprocessing plant releases entering the Channel. These results confirm and give a more detailed picture of the previously known distribution of water masses in the English Channel. They lead to clear information about transit times and dilution at this scale, and provide directly comparable data for the validation of hydrodynamic models.     

The South East Regional Marine Plan: Implementing Australia's Oceans Policy

In 1998, the Australian Government released Australia's Oceans Policy (AOP), a world first policy initiative focused on providing a framework for integrated ecosystem-based management of Australia's vast marine domain. The South East Regional Marine Plan, the first regional marine plan to be implemented under AOP, was released on 21 May 2004. This paper argues that although full integration across sectors and jurisdictions has not occurred, new AOP initiatives, institutions and governance processes have considerably increased sectoral and jurisdictional coordination in the South East region.     

海洋围隔生态系中环境因子对长牡蛎的生态效应

本研究应用海洋围隔实验技术探索围隔生态系中环境因子对长牡蛎的生态效应。研究结果表明：牡蛎养殖密度与牡蛎体重增长呈负相关;养殖水体的Ｎ、Ｐ平均浓度分别达到２６．４和２．５μｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３的水平时牡蛎生物较佳;服物浓度过高会导致牡蛎死     

基于生态系统的海洋管理理论与实践

海洋孕育了丰富的生态系统服务功能,包括为人类提供多种海产食物、净化海洋环境和提供宜人景观及发展空间等。随着工程科技水平的提高,人类对海洋资源和空间的开发利用越来越多、越来越快,对海洋生态系统的影响也越来越大,这一问题在我国尤为突出。近20年来一些发达国家通过推行基于生态系统的海洋管理(MEBM),在海洋生态系统的框架下规范和管理开发活动,特别是在解决区域性海洋管理问题方面取得了一定成效,值得我们借鉴。概述了海洋生态系统及其服务功能,回顾了海洋开发中存在的问题以及MEBM的发展历程,系统阐述了MEBM的原则和措施,剖析了国内外MEBM的成功案例,探讨了在中国实施MEBM的必要性和前提条件。近年来,我国依据海洋功能区划来管理海洋开发已取得一定的成果。建议以此为基础,强化相关生态科学研究及相应技术和法规支撑,从而为我国海洋经济可持续发展提供保障。     

强震前地震非均匀度异常与前兆群体异常关系的研究

通过对比研究华北地区部分中强以上地震震前地震非均匀度异常与区域地震前兆观测群体异常的变化过程, 发现两者在地震前的异常时空演化过程中, 具有一定的关联性。 在时间上, 部分地震震前的地震非均匀度异常出现后, 半年左右前兆观测异常在数量上将出现一次较大幅度的增加; 在空间上, 前兆异常展布范围与地震非均匀度异常范围大体一致。 研究结果表明, 地震非均匀度(GL值)在强地震前出现的异常变化从震例的角度, 表明可能与局部应力场变化有关。 地震非均匀度和前兆群体异常的这种准同步变化, 可能对判定地震孕育进入中短期阶段具有一定的指示意义。     

基于深度学习的2D-3D地下密度异常体反演方法

地下密度异常体反演需要由二维数据反演三维结果,为了高效、高精度地反演地下异常体的位置及密度信息,本文提出2D-3D InvNet深度学习反演方法.方法的编-解码器结构,在编码阶段利用二维卷积网络结构提取地表重力异常及重力梯度异常数据信息,解码阶段利用三维卷积网络结构恢复异常体地下形态,实现了二维和三维网络结构的结合.为了精确地反演异常体密度,提出利用加权均方误差（WtdMSE）作为损失函数,同时为了更好地评估反演结果,引入核密度函数作为评价手段.与均方误差（MSE）相比,利用WtdMSE作为损失函数对异常体密度的反演结果更为准确,异常体所在区域的密度误差减少50%以上.对理论样本的反演结果表明,2D-3D InvNet在准确反演异常体地下位置的同时,也能给出准确的密度信息.应用此方法对西澳大利亚Kauring地区实测数据进行反演,我们成功获得了此区域地下异常体的密度分布.理论与实际应用结果表明,2D-3D InvNet深度学习方法稳定且具有较强的泛化性能,能在无需规定限制条件的情况下快速获得准确的反演结果.

     

高精度航磁调查在新疆西天山地区的应用

介绍了高精度航磁调查在西天山地区的应用效果,在高精度航磁图上,磁异常信息极为丰富,不仅已知铁矿在图上反映明显,而且还新发现了50余处铁矿异常,在已经进行了查证的5处异常中,有4处见矿,分别为14号、20号、169号和374号.这4处异常的成功发现不仅带来了巨大的经济效益,也为今后利用高精度航磁调查进行找矿提供了典型的实例.根据该区高精度航磁调查实际效果,笔者认为在新疆西天山地区,乃至整个中国西部勘查程度较低的地区,进行高精度航磁测量,并进行快速的地面查证工作,是寻找铁磁性矿产行之有效的方法.