Effects of mariculture on macrobenthic assemblages in a western mediterranean site

The effects of solid organic wastes from a marine fish farm on sediment was tested using macrobenthic fauna as biological indicators. Impact on benthic fauna was evaluated in the vicinity of a fish farm in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean) between July 2001 and October 2002. Changes in benthic community structure were investigated using multivariate, distributional and univariate analyses (diversity indices, AMBI and M-AMBI). The results showed sharp disturbance of assemblages under the cages and no effects in the area more than 25 m from the cages. Sediment alterations were related to an increase in farmed biomass and its wastes, as well as to low current speed that allowed accumulation of organic matter on the sea floor. It was possible to follow the ecological succession from slightly altered assemblages to heavily polluted ones in the very short period of a single fish fattening cycle (15 months).     

海底生物扰动作用及其对沉积过程和记录的影响

海底生物扰动作用主要由底栖生物的摄食、掘穴和栖所建造等活动造成,它可以充分改变沉积物的物理、化学特性,扭曲或模糊地层学信号,影响早期成岩过程和沉积记录以及沉积物的稳定性。海底生物扰动作用的研究,对于全面、精确地掌握海洋中各种物质的生物地球化学循环过程,正确回溯古气候、古海洋和古生态记录,合理调节和控制海底生态系统的多样性具有十分重要的意义。简要回顾了海洋生物扰动作用的研究进展,并着重对海洋沉积物中生物扰动作用的观测和定量研究方法、主要影响因素及其对沉积过程和记录的影响进行了评述。     

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩及其与海相白云岩的差异

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷古近系沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩主要为颗粒白云岩和泥晶白云岩两大类,常与泥质岩成薄互层或与其他碳酸盐岩互层产出。该湖相白云岩有序度较低,类似于海相准同生白云岩;Mg/Ca值偏离正常的化学计量值,具有富钙特征,说明其为快速交代的产物;碳氧同位素、Z值分析结果则反映了湖水的咸化程度较高。根据低海平面期蒸发浓缩盐水在湖底形成密度层并向灰质沉积层中回流渗透导致白云石化发生的机理,建立了歧口凹陷沙一下亚段湖相白云岩的成因模式。湖相白云岩的分布特征及其与海相白云岩的差异分析表明,湖相白云岩具有分布面积小、白云石化作用不彻底等特征,油气储集性能较为局限。     

Development and Application of Marine Technology International Standardization in China

Futher development and preliminary application of marine technology international standardization in China were introduced: ①Combination of marine observation international standardization, advanced manufacturing technology and information technology; ②Standardization on general marine technology; ③Connection between marine exploration and international standards; ④Standardization on submersibles. The establishment of marine technology subcommittee (ISO/TC8/SC13) provides an opportunity to bring China national marine technology standards into international market. Furthermore, it's a connection among marine technical research, standardization, and industrial development.     

Geochemistry and origin of rare earth elements (REEs) in the Shengli River oil shale, northern Tibet, China

The Shengli River-Changshe Mountain oil shale zone, located in the North Qiangtang depression, northern Tibet plateau, represents a potentially large marine oil shale resource in China. Twenty-eight samples including oil shale, micritic limestone and marl were collected from the Shengli River area to determine the contents and distribution patterns of rare earth elements (REEs) in marine oil shale. Oil shale samples from the Shengli River area have high ash yield (61.86–67.48%) and TOC content (8.02–13.67%) with low total sulfur (S_t,d) content (0.76–1.39%) and intermediate shale oil content (3.60–16.30%). The total rare earth element (ΣREE) content in oil shale samples is notably depleted (46.79–67.90 μg/g), approximately one third of the mean value of the North American Shale Composite (NASC), and lower than that of world-wide black shales and Chinese coals, but higher than that of world-wide coals and micritic limestone samples (29.21 μg/g) from the Shengli River area. The oil shale samples from the Shengli River area exhibit shale-like Chondrite or NASC-normalized REE patterns similar to those of micritic limestone and marl samples from this area, indicating that REEs of these different lithological samples may have been derived from a similar terrigenous source.REE contents of oil shale samples are highly positive correlated with ash yield and show a positive correlation with Fe and a weakly positive correlation with organic sulfur, and the vertical variations of REEs mainly follow those of Si, Al, K and Ti. All these facts indicate that the REE contents in oil shale seams are mainly controlled by clay minerals and, to a lesser extent, by pyrite, as well as partly associated with oil shale organic constituents. Rare earth elements in the Shengli River oil shale have originated from two sources: a felsic volcanic rock source and a clastic or/and limestone source.     

海洋风尘沉积的古气候学研究进展

海洋风尘沉积是一门海洋沉积学、古气候学、古海洋学的交叉学科,它在古气候、古环境和现代环境研究方面均具有重要意义。总结了近20年来国内外海洋风尘沉积研究领域的成就和进展,重点论述了其研究方法、手段和理论的进展,特别是化学分离石英在提取海洋风尘沉积组分中的应用,以及海洋风尘沉积在古气候学等方面的研究理论和取得的认识。阐明了风尘通量与源区干旱度、风尘粒度与风力强度以及它们与冰期旋回、米兰科维奇（Mi lanko vi tch）轨道参数旋回之间复杂的非线性关系。最后指出了该领域还存在的一些问题,并简要展望了未来的研究方向。     

Diapir structure and its constraint on gas hydrate accumulation in the Makran accretionary prism,offshore Pakistan

The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate, Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. It consists of a narrow continental shelf, a broad continental slope, and a deformation front. The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope. There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism, namely mud diapir, mud volcano, and gas chimney. (1) The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types, namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy. The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general, while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism. (2) The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front. (3) The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types, which are located in piggyback basins, active anticline ridges, and inactive anticline ridges, respectively. They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults. The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons. The mud diapirs, mud volcanoes, and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration, and thus are the important factors that control the formation, accumulation, and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism. Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope, mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front, and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope. The middle slope, lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area.     

韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区及其附近海域底拖网生物资源的分布及群落结构分析

为了解韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区(下简称保护区)生物资源分布、群落结构特征及受干扰情况,于2012年4月(春)、7月(夏)对保护区及其附近海域进行了底拖网生物资源调查。运用物种多样性指数、丰度生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves,ABC)、相似性聚类(Bray-Curtis)及非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multi-dimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法,比较分析了春、夏季保护区及其附近海域底拖网生物资源的物种多样性、群落结构及稳定性。结果显示:(1)调查海域共出现海洋生物45属47种,隶属7门11纲22目36科,其中保护区42种,保护区附近海域37种,节肢动物丰度和生物量最高;(2)日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicas)为保护区及其附近海域特征种,保护区季节间物种更替率(64.29%)低于其附近海域(72.97%);(3)保护区平均丰度为37.459ind/Agt,平均生物量为59.160g/Agt,其附近海域平均丰度为37.048ind/Agt,平均生物量为37.230g/Agt,保护区丰度和生物量高于其附近海域;(4)春季保护区与其附近海域Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数相近且均较低,夏季保护区多样性指数高于其附近海域;(5)ABC曲线表明,春季保护区及其附近海域处于轻微干扰及未受到干扰状态,夏季保护区处于轻微干扰状态,其附近海域处于重度干扰状态。综上所述,韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区的设立,在提高物种多样性、物种丰度、生物量及维持群落结构的稳定性方面优于其附近海域。     

疏浚物海洋倾倒区封闭条件探讨

海洋倾倒区封闭是海洋倾废管理的主要内容之一。目前疏浚物倾倒活动是一项比较频繁的海上倾倒活动。疏浚物海洋倾倒区的封闭,需要有一个相对统一的标准和判断方法,本文提出用外溢作为一种判断方法,且将倾倒 溢发为无外溢、少量外溢、显著外溢、严重外溢和最严重外溢五类,认为当倾倒区出现显著外溢时,应考虑限制使用;当倾倒区出现严重外溢时,考虑封闭;当出现危害性外溢时,就立即封闭。     

海水网箱养殖鲈鱼淋巴囊肿病的初步研究

在 1996年调查的基础上 ,首次报道了浙江海水网箱养殖鲈鱼淋巴囊肿病的发病情况 :发病季节在 6～ 8月 ,1龄鱼苗发病率 70 %,死亡率 30 %。电镜观察表明 ,体表和鳍上的疣状物主要由淋巴囊肿细胞组成 ,细胞内充满虹彩病毒颗粒。肝细胞和肠上皮细胞内没有发现病毒颗粒 ,但溶酶体数量增多 ,肝细胞结构有部分损伤。本文还描述了虹彩病毒在肥大细胞内的增殖过程。