A comparison of the reactions to government taxation measures of twentieth century mining companies and nineteenth century pastoralists

This paper compares pastoralists in South Australia in the nineteenth century with Australian mining companies in the twentieth century as they resist the efforts of government to extract a greater proportion of the wealth created in the exploitation of natural resources. In effect, in both cases the struggle relates to the allocation of economic rent between private and corporate capital on the one hand, and the owners of the resources, the people of Australia, on the other. It is difficult not to be impressed by the similarities in the ideologies, objectives and strategies of these two groups of resource exploiters, separated though they are by over one hundred years.     

湖北大别山区土地资源生产力估算

本文以湖北大别山区为例,提出了自然条件复杂,资料缺乏的山区土地资源第一性生产力的估算方法,并计算了湖北大别山区土地资源的生产力。即在土地资源带及类型(组合)区划分的基础上,以资源类型(组合)区为基本单元,通过典型地区抽样获取资料,运用多种数学模型测算,并经过综合判定,求得各类型(组合)区,资源带主要作物的第一性生产力。     

Identification and occurrence of novel C36–C54 3,4-dialkylthiophenes with an unusual carbon skeleton in immature sediments

A series of novel long-chain 3,4-dialkylthiophenes (C₃₆–C₅₄) was identified in a number of sediments ranging from Pleistocene to Cretaceous. The identifications were based on mass spectral characterisation, desulphurisation and mass spectral data of synthesised model compounds. These organic sulphur compounds are probably formed by sulphur incorporation into mid-chain dimethylalkadienes with two methylenic double bonds. These putative precursor lipids are unprecedented and may be considered rather unusual. The distribution of 3,4-dialkylthiophenes in sediments varies considerably with the depositional palaeoenvironment, indicating that these compounds have a potential as molecular markers reflecting changes in palaeoenvironment.     

湖南矿产资源形势分析与对策研究

湖南省不少矿产按地均资源占有量,高于全国平均水平,是国内矿产资源丰富和矿产最多的省份之一。从湖南的自然条件、经济条件、区位优势、资源地位、发展水平等方面分析,利用丰富的矿产资源发展湖南经济不失为一条重要的途径。要获取资源开发的总体效益和最佳效益的关键,是实现勘查、开采、加工三位一体化,发展多种形式,多层次的开发网络,面向国内、国外两大市场,加强资源综合利用、综合治理,才能把矿产資源优势转化为经济优势。     

资源最优空间配置的系统经济理论研究

本文不仅研究了包括生产、消费、资源的空间配置和空间位置差异的一般经济均衡条件,而且还以大系统多级递阶控制原理,建立了统一协调的系统经济数学模型。该模型深刻地揭示了生产、消费、资源的空间配置与空间位置差异之间的相互关系,同时也是区位论的一种理论模式。     

药用矿物资源研究方向

侧重于传统医学药用矿物特定品种资源的研究,完善了矿物药研究的内容,是应用矿物学的重要课题之一。着重分析了药用矿物研究方向和相应研究方法。地道药材传统产地的考证及其典型样品的对比研究是基础工作。传统品种资源现状的经济地质研究,稀缺品种的资源调查,著名中成药、矿物药制剂矿物原料的资源研究,药用矿物地方资源的开发利用,特定地区地方病防治药物的资源调查,均需借助典型样品产地地质地球化学背景资料和矿物学标志,即矿物组份、化学成分(主次元素及微量元素)、成因等资料;新开发品种的资源研究更需配合药理分析和跟踪临床效果而提出的资源筛选。     

我国资源与环境信息系统发展管见

我国的资源与环境信息系统(ERIS)技术,起步较晚,发展迅速,已跻身国际先进行列。在基础研究、应用实验以及同遥感技术的结合方面,进行了成功的探索和开拓,并具有中国特色。通过“七五”科技攻关,在信息与信息系统的规范化、标准化方面,建立不同层次和应用目标的区域信息系统的技术、方法,研制和开发地理信息系统软件、应用分析模型,以及在理论总结方面,取得了丰硕的成果和技术进步,成为一个独立发展的新的前沿领域。90年代,它同航天遥感技术密切结合,共同发展,迎接国民经济和社会发展中重大资源环境急务和全球变化的挑战。在资源与环境动态监测与趋势预报,重大自然灾害监测与预警以及灾情评估与减灾对策,城市、经济开发区的规划、开发与管理,全球环境变化等方面,发挥科学技术的先导作用。同时,继续加强新技术跟踪和空间信息科学的理论研究,在国家规范、标准的制定,业务系统的建立与实用化,信息共享与网络化,模型、专家系统及软件的开发与商品化,同遥感信息工程的结合使其一体化等方面,仍需深入探索,继续攻坚,以期形成完整的理论和技术体系。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中的古河道与地下水

塔克拉玛干沙漠中发育有众多的古河道，其密集区主要集中在大沙漠中部。不同河流的古河道，含水层岩性有明显差异，地下水的富水性也明显不同。但沿古河道，地下水富水性均较两侧好，水质也相对较好，多为淡水和微咸水，为在沙漠区寻找水资源提供了方向     

Simulation of pebble abrasion on coastal benches by transgressive waves

Tumbler simulations of abrasion processes affecting rocks on basaltic marine benches have clarified the effects of mass and volume of rock fragments on their rate of wear. Several experiments indicate that rate of basalt wear increases with mass in the interval 1 g to 8 g, but is not related to volume of fragments abraded in seawater. Relatively small quantities of rock flour suspended in the immersant seawater substantially reduced the rate of basalt wear. Basalt and calcareous beachrock responded differently in systems with both rock types tumbling together. Examination of the cuttings from these low-energy encounters suggests that abrasion on elevated benches along exposed seacoasts reduces virtually all clastic material to particles of silt size or smaller, producing essentially no sand.     

Biomarker distributions in asphaltenes and kerogens analysed by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Biomarker distributions in a suite of asphaltenes and kerogens have been analysed by flash pyrolysis directly coupled to a GCMS system. Attention has been focussed on biomarkers of the sterane and triterpane types. The sample suite under investigation consists of sediments with different kerogen types and some crude oils. Biomarker distributions in the pyrolysates have been compared with the “free” biomarkers in the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon fractions.The analyses show significant differences between the distributions of the free biomarkers and those in the pyrolysates. The latter have lower amounts of steranes while diasteranes are absent or present at low concentrations only. In the triterpane traces a shift of maximum intensity from C₃₀ (free compounds) to C₂₇/C₂₉ is observed. Furthermore, the pyrolysates contain a set of triterpenes (not present among the free compounds), and there is a selective loss of “non-regular” triterpanes that are present in the saturated hydrocarbon fractions. The observed differences between pyrolysates and free hydrocarbons can be explained partly by the processes occurring during pyrolysis such as bond rupture and subsequent stabilisation of primary pyrolysis products. To a certain extent these differences also show that maturation processes occurring in sediments have effects on free biomarker molecules different from those on molecules that are enclosed in a macromolecular matrix (kerogen or asphaltenes).Differences between biomarker distributions of asphaltene and kerogen pyrolysates are relatively small. A comparison with the pyrolysates from extracted whole sediments suggests that these differences are mainly caused by interactions between the organic material and the mineral matrix during pyrolysis.Oil asphaltenes behave differently from sediment asphaltenes as their pyrolysates are more similar to the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon fractions, i.e. the differences described above are observed to a much smaller extent. This different behaviour appears to be the result of coprecipitation of a part of the maltene fraction with the oil asphaltenes.