Helium,Argon and Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Spring Gases in the Hainan Island,China

Chemical and isotopic compositions have been measured for N2-He-rich bubbling gases discharging from hot springs in the Hainan Island, Southern China. Observed 3He/4He ratios (0.1–1.3 RA) indicate the occurrence of a mantle component throughout the island, which has been highly diluted by a crustal radiogenic 4He component. The occurrence of mantle-derived helium is high in the northern island (12%–16% of total He) and gradually decreases towards southern coast (1%–3% of total He). Such a distribution pattern is most likely controlled by the Pleocene-Quaternary volcanic activities in the northern island and groundwater circulation along the deep major faults. The 40Ar/36Ar and N2/Ar ratios suggest that N2 and Ar of the hot spring gases are mostly meteoric. Although δ13C values of CO2 (–20‰ to –27‰) with low concentrations are consistent with the biogenic origin, the combination of 3He/4He and d13CCO2 suggests a two end-member mixing of mantle and crustal components with CO2/3He ratios of 2×109 and 8×1011, respectively. However, the low CO2/3He ratios (1–22×106) can not be ascribed in terms of the simple mixing but has to be explained by the addition of radiogenic 4He and loss of CO2 by calcite precipitation in the hydrothermal system, which is most likely controlled by the degree of gas-water-rock interaction.     

On measuring settlement by magnetic method at any depth

Abstract

When artificial islands are constructed, they are subject to surface subsidence, which is the resultant sum of the consolidation strata, many of which seem differ in character. When these strata are soft and thick, or heavily loaded, it becomes very difficult to estimate how much settlement will eventually take place, and over how long a period. For the estimate to be accurate, the settlement characteristics of each layer must first be determined.

For this purpose, the authors have investigated a new method of measuring settlement, based on two unique principles. One principle is the application of a permanent magnet as an indicator of settlement, and the other is the exploitation of semiconductor, magneto‐resistance elements for detecting the magnetic fields. In advance of the observation, the magnets are forced into the earth, being pushed out through the bore‐hole casing by the oil jack at suitable depths and intervals. The small‐sized magneto‐resistance element is essential to the practicality and efficiency of this method.

In this study, the principles of this method, measuring procedure, the special characteristics and potential of this system, and the results of field trials are described.     

Surviving off junk: low-energy prey dominates the diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Mercury Island,Namibia, between 1996 and 2009

The diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia consisted mainly of sardine Sardinops sagax in the 1950s. Since the collapse of pelagic fish stocks in the 1970s, birds fed mainly on bearded (pelagic) goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus, a low-energy prey species. We present diet data for African penguins breeding at Mercury Island, the largest colony for this species in Namibia, between 1996 and 2009. Bearded goby was the main prey item throughout the study period, both in terms of frequency of occurrence (67.8%; SD 31.2) and in terms of mass (59.2%; SD 31.5). Diet composition varied throughout the year as well as between years; birds occasionally fed on a variety of fish species other than bearded goby. In Namibia, poor prey abundance is considered as a major factor contributing to the decline of penguin numbers after the collapse of the sardine stocks. However, bearded goby appears to be relatively abundant along Namibia's southern coast and low prey quality rather than low abundance appears to be a key factor influencing population dynamics of African penguins and other marine top predators in southern Namibia.     

Recent population estimates and trends in numbers of albatrosses and giant petrels breeding at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands

The second mid-summer survey of surface-nesting seabirds at the Prince Edward Island group (Marion and Prince Edward islands) was conducted during December 2008, seven years after the initial mid-summer survey. Wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans may have decreased slightly at Prince Edward Island, mirroring a decrease of roughly 2% per year at Marion Island from 1998 to 2005, a decline that has since reversed. Numbers of grey-headed albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma on Marion Island have remained stable, whereas the population on Prince Edward Island decreased by 20% from 2001 to 2008 (3% per year). The estimate of Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses T. carteri at Prince Edward Island was similar in 2001 and 2008. Counts of both sooty albatrosses Phoebetria spp. were substantially higher at Prince Edward Island in 2008, possibly as a result of better coverage compared to 2001. Dark-mantled sooty albatrosses P. fusca on Marion Island have decreased by almost 2% per year since 1996, continuing a negative trend from the early 1980s, whereas light-mantled sooty albatrosses P. palpebrata have increased by almost 6% per year at Marion Island since 1996. Counts of both giant petrels increased at Prince Edward Island (northern Macronectes halli by 44%; southern M. giganteus by 28%), whereas their numbers have remained stable at Marion Island. Current best estimates for annual breeding populations (pairs) at the two islands are 3 650 wandering albatrosses, 9 500 grey-headed albatrosses, 7 000 Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses, 2 900 dark-mantled sooty albatrosses, 800 light-mantled sooty albatrosses, 750 northern giant petrels and 2 800 southern giant petrels, confirming the global importance of the Prince Edward Islands for these seven species. Apart from the dark-mantled sooty albatross, their populations are reasonably healthy despite fishing mortality.     

海南岛西部燕山期逆冲推覆构造特征

海南岛燕山期逆冲推覆构造有NE向有军营-红岭构造带、戈枕构造带。两构造带都倾向NW,具有由NW往SE向逆冲推覆的运动学特征。在生成时间上,戈枕构造带略早,而军营-红岭逆冲构造带略晚,属于后从式逆冲推覆构造体系。其生成与印支块体和亚洲板块的相互作用有关。该逆冲推覆构造的厘定,为深入研究海南岛燕山阶段构造环境转化及其控矿作用具有重要的地质意义。     

利用分层分类法进行厦门岛城市地表分类研究

本文利用分层分类法把厦门岛城市地表分为七类,并对分类结果进行了验证。在TM图像光谱特征分析和归一化差异型指数分析结论上,提出分层分类法的分类步骤。利用ERDAS的专家分类器逐类地提取地表类型,并利用掩膜法将原图像上新提取地类所对应区域掩膜掉,使得分类过程越来越容易。分层分类法避免了一次划分多种类别方法,在选择波段组合上的矛盾。精度评价结果表明,总分类精度90．9％,达到分类要求标准。     

Migration and accumulation of ultra-depleted subduction-related melts in the Massif du Sud ophiolite (New Caledonia)

The Massif du Sud is a large ophiolitic complex that crops out in the southern region of New Caledonia (SW Pacific). It is dominated by harzburgite tectonite that locally shows a transitional gradation to massive dunite up section. Clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase progressively appear in dunite up to the transition to layered wehrlite and orthopyroxene–gabbro. The dunite–wehrlite and wehrlite–gabbro contacts are parallel and the latter defines the paleo-Moho.Highly depleted modal, mineral and bulk rock compositions indicate that harzburgites are residues after high degrees (20–30%) of partial melting mainly in the spinel-stability field. Their relative enrichment in HFSE, LREE and MREE is due to re-equilibration of melting residues with percolating melts. Dunite formed in the Moho transition zone by reaction between residual mantle harzburgite and olivine-saturated melts that led to pyroxene dissolution and olivine precipitation. Rare clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystallized in interstitial melt pores of dunite from primitive, low-TiO₂, ultra-depleted liquids with a geochemical signature transitional between those of island arc tholeiites and boninites.Ascending batches of relatively high-SiO₂, ultra-depleted melts migrated through the Moho transition zone and generated wehrlite by olivine dissolution and crystallization of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in variable amounts. These liquids were more evolved and were produced by higher degrees of melting or from a more depleted source compared with melts that locally crystallized clinopyroxene in dunite. Ultra-depleted magmas, non-cogenetic with those that formed the Moho transition zone, ascended to the lower crust and generated gabbroic cumulates with subduction-related affinity. Thus, the ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Moho transition zone and lower crust of the Massif du Sud ophiolite are not products of fractional crystallization from a single magma-type but are the result of migration and accumulation of different melts in a multi-stage evolution.The record of high partial melting in the mantle section, and migration and accumulation of ultra-depleted subduction-related melts in the Moho transition zone and lower crust support that the Massif du Sud ophiolite is a portion of forearc lithosphere generated in an extensional regime during the early phases of the subduction zone evolution. Our results show the existence of different types of ultra-depleted melt compositions arriving at the Moho transition zone and lower crust of an infant intraoceanic paleo-arc. Ultra-depleted melts may thus be a significant component of the melt budget generated in oceanic spreading forearcs prior to aggregation and mixing of a large range of melt compositions in the crust.     

扬子地台西南缘高家村岩体成因：岩石学、地球化学和年代学证据

高家村岩体辉长岩-橄榄岩中矿物组合、矿物结晶顺序及岩浆成因角闪石的普遍出现,指示矿物结晶于富含水的岩浆体系.主量元素Al2O3、CaO与MgO呈明显的负相关关系,表明斜长石并非早期堆晶相.稀土元素含量为5.97×10-6～221.32×10-6,轻稀土元素相对富集,弱-中等程度轻重稀土元素分异,辉长岩-含辉石闪长岩无明显的Eu异常,而橄榄辉长岩-橄榄岩具有较明显的正Eu异常.微量元素中,辉长岩-含辉石闪长岩类具有明显的Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti负异常,Ba、Sr正异常,同时εNd(t)为0.59～1.86,低于同期的亏损地幔值,与岛弧基性岩浆特征类似.含辉石闪长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄结果822±8Ma,为新元古代.综合分析认为,高家村岩体应形成于受俯冲带流体改造的亏损上地幔部分熔融.     

养马岛西南海域泥沙运移及近岸演化态势研究

养马岛西南海域近30年来发生普遍淤积,海域海底淤积速率平均为1．5cm／a,局部可达10cm／a。鱼鸟河以东岸线向海推进速度约1～6m／a。海域表层沉积物有整体细化的趋势,该海域的快速淤积与海岛的屏蔽消能以及海堤的拦截作用有关。海底淤积对取水口的设计方案有明显影响,分析了工程海域动力、泥沙、海岸及近岸演化态势,并对取水口设计方案进行了论证。     

辽东黄花甸地区南辽河群里尔峪组成因研究

里尔峪组是古元古界南辽河群早期沉积地层,其成因对探讨辽-吉造山/活动带的大地构造属性具有重要意义。论文以辽东黄花甸地区里尔峪组为研究对象,对其进行了详细的野外地质填图和室内岩相学、地球化学以及同位素年代学研究工作。里尔峪组主体岩石类型为含不等量磁铁矿、电气石的黑云母变粒岩类夹斜长角闪岩。变粒岩中锆石阴极发光(CL)图像显示其具有震荡环带,说明其具有岩浆成因的碎屑锆石特征,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄数据具有1936Ma、2082Ma、2178Ma和2574Ma的年龄峰值,主峰与区内古元古代花岗质岩石的形成年龄一致,反映其物源主要来自于古元古代花岗质岩石,少量来自于太古宙克拉通结晶基底。其中1800~2000Ma的锆石年龄极可能是受变质作用改造的结果。斜长角闪岩呈夹层或透镜体状产出于里尔峪组变粒岩中,地球化学特征显示:(1)SiO_2含量为48.83%~51.50%,具有较低TiO_2含量(0.95%~1.33%)、低MgO含量(6.67%~9.49%)特征;(2)Mg#值为48~59,低于原生玄武质岩浆Mg#值,说明原岩岩浆经历了原始岩浆的结晶分异作用;(3)稀土元素总量(ΣREE)值为59.87×10~(-6)~82.83×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值介于3.58~4.88,(La/Yb)_N值为2.33~4.50,稀土元素配分模式具有岛弧火山岩的特征而不同于MORB型火山岩。微量元素Ba、U、Sm相对富集,亏损高场强元素Th、Nb、P、Ta等,Nb、Ta相对亏损,贫Cr、Ni,说明原岩为形成于岛弧环境或活动大陆边缘的高铁拉斑玄武岩。斜长角闪岩中锆石阴极发光图像具有两类特征,第一类具有核边结构,锆石核部主要呈暗色,内部结构比较复杂,部分保留岩浆环带特征;第二类锆石其内部结构比较均一,为典型的变质锆石,并且具有继承性锆石核以及变质增生边。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得出两件斜长角闪岩的原岩年龄分别为1995±13Ma、2150±21Ma,大致代表了里尔峪组的形成时代。综上所述,黄花甸地区里尔峪组原岩为形成于岛弧或活动大陆边缘的碎屑岩夹基性火山岩沉积建造,物源主要来自于辽-吉造山/活动带内的古元古代花岗岩和南北两侧的太古宙的变质基底,该套地层在~1.88Ga遭受了变质作用的改造。结合前人对胶-辽-吉古元古代岩石构造变形、变质作用等研究成果,本文研究认为南辽河群所在的胶-辽-吉活动带在~2.2Ga发生了从东部陆块拉张弧后裂解,2.0~2.15Ga发生有洋壳的俯冲,在~1.88Ga发生造山变质作用形成区域上的胶-辽-吉造山带。