Early Cambrian oceanic plagiogranite in the Silvretta Nappe,eastern Alps: geochemical,zircon U-Pb and Rb-Sr data from garnet-hornblende-plagioclase gneisses

 Garnet–hornblende–plagioclase gneisses rich in incompatible elements occur in the crystalline basement of the Austro-Alpine Silvretta nappe and are associated with clinopyroxene norites and harzburgite cumulates. It is proposed here that the gneisses were formerly oceanic plagiogranites. An ε_{Nd( 530 )} value of +5.6 for the gneisses as well as initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of 0.7036–0.7037 for the gabbroic rocks and 0.7026–0.7027 for the ultramafic rocks suggest a mantle source for this rock association. The geochemical characteristics of the garnet–hornblende–plagioclase gneisses indicate that their precursors were derived by fractional crystallization from a basaltic parent magma, by the same process which produced the adjacent clinopyroxene norites and ultramafic cumulates as well. The combined U–Pb upper intercept ages of zircons from two gneiss samples yield an igneous crystallization age of 532±30 Ma, similar to previously dated (mostly calc-alkaline) orthogneisses in the same area. High-quality transparent zircons showed the least degree of discordance, but contain extremely low U and Pb levels. The rock suite, including this plagiogranite, was emplaced within oceanic crust which formed in the latest Precambrian–early Palaeozoic off the northern continental margin of Gondwana. Received: 26 April 1996 / Accepted: 2 August 1996     

Reconnaissance geology in Upper Chitral,Baroghil and Karambar districts (northern Karakorum,Pakistan)

During the summer of 1992 a geological expedition crossed the northern Karakorum range in northern Pakistan, from the Chitral to Karambar valleys, from the villages of Mastuj to Imit. Some of the areas visited were geologically unknown. A number of structural units were crossed, belonging to the Karakorum block or to other crustal blocks north of it. They are: (a) the axial batholith, in which three plutonic bodies have been identified, and (b) the northern sedimentary belt (NSB), in which three major tectonostratigraphic units form thrust stacks dipping to the north. Their internal stratigraphy and structural style are partly different. The most complete contains a crystalline basement, transgressed by a marine succession during the Early Ordovician. The youngest strata are represented by the Reshun conglomerate, of inferred Cretaceous age. The northernmost unit of the NSB is tightly folded, whereas the central one forms a monocline. Vertical faults, mainly strike-slip, dissect the thrusted slabs. Metamorphic deformation is absent or reaches only the anchizone in the studied sector of the Karakorum NSB. To the north of the Karakorum proper there are several other tectonic units, separated by vertical faults. They are, from south to north: (a) the Taš Kupruk zone, with metavolcanics of basaltic to latibasaltic composition; (b) the Atark unit, mostly consisting of massive carbonate rocks of Mesozoic age; and (c) the Wakhan slates which consist of a thick widespread succession of dark slates, metasiltites and sandstones. The fine-grained elastic rocks are supposed to be Palaeozoic to Early Triassic in age. The Wakhan slates are intruded by plutons belonging to the East Hindu Kush batholith, from which a single K/Ar age on muscovite gave a Jurassic age.     

Cenozoic Magmatism and Tectonic Framework of Western Yunnan, China: Constrained from Geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb Isotopes and Fission Track Dating

Western Yunnan is composed of several extruded continental microblocks that were generated by the oblique collision between the Indian and Asian continents during the Cenozoic. In this study, the magmatic and tectonic frameworks of western Yunnan in the Cenozoic were analyzed based on geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, and apatite/zircon fission track dating. Magmatism during the Cenozoic in western Yunnan was then divided into three distinctive episodes: alkali granite rocks produced from 55 to 46 Ma were derived from the anatexis of crustal materials; bimodal igneous rocks formed between 37 and 24 Ma were possibly derived from an EMII mantle with a contribution from continental materials; and intermediate–basic volcanic rocks produced in the Tengchong microblocks since ~16 Ma are considered to be generated by the partial melting of the upper mantle that was induced by the pulling apart of the dextral Gaoligong strike–slip fault system. Moreover, fission track analysis of apatite and zircon indicates that the regional crustal uplift in western Yunnan possibly began at ~34 Ma, with accelerated annealing occurring at ~24 Ma, ~13 Ma, and ~4 Ma. During the past 24 Ma, the average denudation rate was ~0.32 mm/yr for the faulted block controlled by the Chongshan–Lancang River fault. However, crustal uplift has been relatively gentle in places lacking influence from strike–slip shear zones, with an average denudation rate of ~0.2 mm/yr. Combined with strike–slip shear and block rotation in the Cenozoic, the tectonic evolution of western Yunnan since ~45 Ma can thus be divided into four stages occurring at 45–37 Ma, 37–24 Ma, 24–13 Ma, and 13–0 Ma.     

北秦岭褶皱带岩浆活动时代特征及地质意义

本文通过展示截止１９９４年北秦岭地区岩浆岩的Ｋ－Ａｒ、（４０）Ａｒ－（３９）Ａｒ、Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ、Ｓｉｎ－Ｎｄ、Ｕ－Ｐｂ谐和图、单颗粒锆石逐级蒸发（２０７）Ｐｂ－（２０６）Ｐｂ等方法同位素年龄结果，进行综合对比讨论，从而确定这一地区岩浆活动，在早元古末期以后多次发生，直至中生代。它们包括大约２０００Ｍａ、１２１０～９２０Ｍａ、８２２～７９４Ｍａ、４６４～３６０Ｍａ（奥陶纪－早石炭世）、１９５～１０５Ｍａ（早侏罗世－白垩纪）等五个地质时期。另外，根据北秦岭地区岩浆活动对确定变质岩层分层时限的制约的观点，提出该地区变质岩层划分的五个岩群的时序，首先是秦岭群（大于１７００Ｍａ）、然后是宽坪群（１１００Ｍａ前后）、二郎坪群（８００Ｍａ前后）、草滩沟群或丹凤群（４５０Ｍａ前后）、中生代岩群（２００Ｍａ前后）等等。它们是在不同时期，伴随着某一构造运动旋回形成的变质岩层。所展示的年龄资料同时为读者了解各种同位素年代测定方法的适应性，以及了解在复杂地质构造区域，如何有效开展同位素年代学研究，提供有益经验。     

元素的地球化学性质与关键金属成矿:前言

正本专辑重点从元素地球化学性质入手,结合地质过程和区域地质及一些具体矿床实例的研究,探讨关键金属的成矿规律。包括22篇文章,内容涵盖钨、锡、铌、钽、钛、锑、铀、铼、硼、钼、铜等多种关键金属的成矿规律。矿床是元素异常富集的地质体,因此,元素在不同地质     

华南东部吉安—福州剖面岩石圈电性结构研究

为了研究华南东部地区岩浆活动的深部构造背景,对吉安一福州宽频大地电磁测深剖面数据进行了系统的分析和处理,并利用非线性共轭梯度法进行二维反演,得到了武夷隆起带及周缘地区的岩石圈电性结构;结合区域重磁资料,详细分析了研究区内地壳、上地幔电性结构特征及地质含义.结果表明:华南东部地区岩石圈电性结构存在明显的分区性,并且壳内普遍发育不同成因的高导层,揭示出华南东部地区不同构造单元内的岩浆活动具有不同的成岩构造背景.其中,东南沿海褶皱带深部热侵蚀活跃,岩石圈物质和结构被强烈改造,电阻率普遍较低,软流圈上涌并伴随玄武岩浆底侵,导致岩石圈、地壳剧烈减薄;而武夷隆起带岩石圈电阻率相对较高,印支-燕山早期陆内挤压变形的构造形迹明显,晚中生代岩石圈拉张伸展作用对该地区岩石圈的物质结构有一定的改造.     

The passive margin of northern Gondwana during Early Paleozoic: Evidence from the central Tibet Plateau

The central–south domain of the Tibet Plateau represents an important part of the northern segment of Gondwana during the early Paleozoic. Here we present zircon U–Pb, Lu–Hf isotope, and whole–rock geochemical data from a suite of early Paleozoic magmatic rocks from the central Tibet Plateau, with a view to gain insights into the nature and geotectonic evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana. Zircon grains in four granitic rocks yielded ages of 532−496 Ma with negative ε_Hf(t) values (−13.7 to −0.6). Zircon grains in meta–basalt and mafic gneiss yielded ages of 512 ± 5 Ma and 496 ± 6 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, the granitic rocks belong to high–K calc–alkaline and shoshonitic S–type granite suite, with the protolith derived from the partial melting of ancient crustal components. The mafic gneiss and meta–basalt geochemically resemble OIB (Oceanic Island Basalt) and E–MORB (Enriched Mid–Ocean Ridge Basalt), respectively. They were derived from low degree (∼5–10%) partial melting of an enriched mantle (garnet and spinel lherzolite) that was contaminated by upper crustal components. The parental magmas experienced orthopyroxene–dominated fractional crystallization. Sedimentological features of the Cambrian–Ordovician formations indicate that the depositional cycle transformed from marine regression to transgression leading to the formation of parallel/angular unconformities between the Cambrian and Ordovician strata. The hiatus associated with these unconformities are coupled with the peak of the early Paleozoic magmatism in Tibet Plateau, indicating a tectonic control. We conclude that the Cambrian–Ordovician magmatic suite and sedimentary rocks formed in an extensional setting, and we correlate this with the post–peak stage of the Pan–African orogeny. The post–collision setting associated with delamination, orogenic collapse or lithospheric extension along the northern margin of Gondwana, can account for the Cambrian–Ordovician magmatism and sedimentation, rather than oceanic subduction along the external margin. We thus infer a passive margin setting for the northern Gondwana during the Early Paleozoic.     

Miocene magmatism and tectonics within the Peri-Alboran orogen (western Mediterranean)

The aim of this paper concerns Miocene igneous activity in the Alboran Sea and Peri-Alboran area (northern Morocco, western Algeria and Betic Cordilleras in Spain), considering its age and its location with regard to major tectonics structures.We have compiled previous K-Ar isotopic ages of lavas and plutonic boulders and intrusives with an error of ±1σ and completed this set by a new K-Ar isotopic age for andesitic tuffites from Alboran Island. Geochemistry of most of these samples has been considered after previous analyses completed with new data for Spain magmatism. These two sets of data allow us to place the magmatic activity within the regional stratigraphy and tectonics and their chronological framework of the three major tectonic phases of the Maghrebian orogen, at 17 Ma (Burdigalian), 15 Ma (Langhian) and 9 Ma (Tortonian). Petro-geochemical characteristics are compared through time and geographical locations. A major goal of this coupled approach is to help the elaboration of possible geodynamical processes.As an application, we present the case study of the Dellys, Djinet and Thenia region (east of Algiers) where the successive magmatic events between 19.4 ± 1 and 11.6 ± 0.5 Ma are closely related to the local tectonics and sedimentation.The Peri-Alboran igneous activity is placed in a multidisciplinary framework. Timing of activity is defined according to the ages of the neighbouring sedimentary units and the K-Ar ages of igneous rocks.In Spain, the Cabo de Gata-Carboneras magmatic province displays late Oligocene and early Miocene leucogranitic dikes, dated from 24.8 ± 1.3 to 18.1 ± 1.2 Ma; three following andesitic to rhyolitic events took place around 15.1 ± 0.8 to 14.0 ± 0.7 Ma, 11.8 ± 0.6 to 9.4 ± 0.4 Ma, 8.8 ± 0.4 to 7.9 ± 0.4 Ma; this last event displays also granitic rocks. Lamproitic magmas dated between 8.4 ± 0.4 and 6.76 ± 0.04 Ma were emplaced after the Tortonian phase.In Morocco, after the complex building of the Ras Tarf volcanic edifice, major calc-alkaline to shoshonitic volcanoes were built between 9.0 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 0.5 Ma, in particular the large Gourougou volcanic complex. Near Oujda, volcanic activity of alkaline affinity leads to multiple emissions of basalts throughout Pliocene times until the beginning of Pleistocene, between 6.2 ± 0.3 and 1.5 ± 0.1 Ma.In the Alboran domain, an age of 19.7 ± 0.8 Ma is reported (this study) for the andesitic tuffites that form the emergent part of the Alboran Island. This age is comparable to that of the Algerian tuffites and cherts “silexites” and the Malaga ones in Spain. Younger activity, completely separated from the previous one, forms the low-K basaltic andesitic dikes from Alboran Island, dated between 9.1 ± 0.5 and 7.5 ± 0.3 Ma. Along the Alboran Ridge both low-K and high-K andesites to dacites were emitted in the estimated range of 10.7–8.7 Ma. Low-K and high-K andesites to dacites sampled at ODP sites 977 and 978 into the East Alboran Basin, are dated between 12.1 ± 0.2 and 9.3 ± 0.1 Ma.We propose to relate with the Trans-Alboran lineament only the post-Tortonian igneous activity younger than 9 Ma.     

A-type granite and adakitic magmatism association in Songpan–Garze fold belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implication for lithospheric delamination

The Songpan–Garze fold belt covers a huge triangular area (> 200,000 km²), confined by the South China (Yangtze), North China and Tibetan Plateau continental blocks. In the Songpan–Garze fold belt, Triassic adakitic granitoids have been identified. However, whether there are Triassic A-type granites is unclear. Here, we report our first finding of an A-type granite (Nianbaoyeche), which occurs in the central part of the Songpan–Garze fold belt. The Nianbaoyeche granite ( 820 km²) is characterized by arfvedsonite in its mineral assemblage. Using both LA-ICPMS and TIMS U–Pb zircon dating methods, we obtain a magma crystallization age of 211 ± 1 Ma, which is slightly younger than Triassic adakitic granitoids (216–221 Ma) in the Songpan–Garze fold belt. The Nianbaoyeche granite is enriched in Si, K, Na, Rb, REE, HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf), with elevated FeO^tot/(FeO^tot + MgO) and Ga/Al ratios, but is depleted in Al, Mg, Ca, Ba and Sr. The REE compositions show moderately fractionated patterns with (La/Yb)_N = 2.67–7.54 and Eu/Eu = 0.09–0.34. These geochemical characteristics indicate that the Nianbaoyeche granite has an A-type affinity. Geochemical data and U–Pb zircon age, combined with regional studies, show that the Nianbaoyeche granite formed in a post-collisional tectonic setting. Sr–Nd isotopic data for the granite exhibit I_Sr = 0.7090–0.7123 and ε_Nd(t) = − 2.72 to − 4.26 with T_DM = 1.15–1.51 Ga, suggesting that the magma has a dominantly crustal source, though a minor contribution from the mantle cannot be ruled out. Melting to produce an A-type granite may have resulted from Triassic lithospheric delamination after Triassic crustal thickening of the Songpan–Garze fold belt due to convergence between the Yangtze, North China and North Tibet continental blocks. The lithospheric delamination model also helps to explain the Triassic adakitic magma generation in the Songpan–Garze belt. We conclude that association of A-type granite and adakitic granitoids in post-collisional environment could be a useful indicator of lithospheric delamination.     

晋东北燕山期岩浆活动与金多金属成矿作用动力学

晋东北燕山期岩浆活动受区域性构造控制,具有北东成带,带内成区的分布规律,时间上可划分为150~160Ma、130~140Ma和85~127Ma三个高峰期。岩浆岩可划分为以花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩—中细粒-粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩等和以闪长岩—花岗闪长斑岩—花岗斑岩—石英斑岩等为主体的两大岩石组合,后者与金多金属矿床成矿关系密切。主要岩浆岩为过铝质碱性岩类,具有埃达克质岩石的亲和性;成因上属于I型,具同源演化关系。其形成可能与华北板块中生代岩石圈大规模减薄所引发的壳幔相互作用密切相关。与燕山期岩浆活动相对应,区域金多金属成矿也具有集中分布和多期成矿的特点。在类型上,主要包括斑岩型Mo-Au矿床、矽卡岩-热液脉型Au、Fe矿床和爆破角砾岩-热液石英脉型Au或Cu-Ag,Ag-Pb-Zn等矿床。有时在同一个成矿集中区内可见有多型一体的复杂组合,并在空间上具有明确的元素分带关系;在时间上,150~160Ma,主要与(二长)闪长岩或石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩等有关,形成以钼-金为主的矿化;130~140Ma,主要与石英闪长岩、石英斑岩等有关,形成大规模金矿化;85~127Ma,主要与花岗斑岩、石英斑岩、隐爆角砾岩等相关,形成了强烈的银多金属矿化。不同类型矿床成矿热液主要源自相关的岩浆体系。华北板块中生代发生区域性构造体制转折,岩石圈大规模减薄及在此背景下发生的陆内造山作用是区域大规模岩浆活动和成矿作用的重要动力学机制。