乌鲁木齐国际机场一次强雷暴天气分析

雷暴及伴随其出现的恶劣天气严重威胁飞行安全。利用常规气象资料、卫星云图、雷达回波结合湿位涡的诊断分析对2005年6月26日出现在乌鲁木齐国际机场的一次强雷暴天气进行了研究。结果表明：（1）雷暴出现时，机场的地面要素场和天气变化剧烈，气温剧降，湿度暴增，气压涌升，并伴有大风和强阵雨。（2）此次强雷暴天气是由飑线引起的。飑线的形成可能与冷性的中-α尺度的高压和生命史较短的中-β尺度热低压之间的相互作用有关。（3）逆温层的存在抑制了水汽和热量向上的输送和扩散，冷空气的冲击破坏了逆温层，使累积的不稳定能量得以释放，强对流天气爆发。（4）925hPa的湿对称不稳定区域对于预报雷暴天气的落区具有一定的指示意义，强雷暴出现在MPV〈0的大值区内。     

2004年云南秋季强降水位涡诊断分析

利用NCEP格点资料和常规观测资料对2004年云南秋季强降水进行位涡诊断分析，结果表明，干湿位涡均能较好地反映天气系统的演变特征，干位涡能很好地反映滇黔辐合强弱和地面冷空气的移动路径。湿位涡则能反映暖湿气流活动特征。强降水发生期间，中高层强干湿位涡向低层传送，低层负湿位涡向上伸展。对流层中高层的干湿位涡强中心向低层传送方向和强度变化与强降水雨带移动方向及雨强变化一致。此次强降水对流层中层的强干位涡源位于川东，表明该过程与9月2—6日川东大暴雨有关。     

A diagnostic study of moist potential vorticity generation in an extratropical cyclone

Moist potential voracity (MPV) and Its generation may be important in the development of mesoscale structures such as rainbands within cyclones. In an adiabatic and frictionless flow, MPV generation is possible if the flow is three-dimensional and the air is unsaturated. Moist potential vorticity can be generated through the combined effects of gradients in the potential temperature and moisture fields. The diagnosis of MPV generation in an extratropical cy-clone was performed with the ECMWF objectively analyzed fields for a system that developed during February 1992. It was found that at various stages during the development of the cyclone, negative MPV was generated: at the north end of the cold front; along the occluded front and the cold front; and in the region of the warm core. This pattern of negative MPV generation is in excellent agreement with the predictions of previous theoretical and numerical studies. After the cyclone ceased to deepen, the region of negative MPV generated in the cyclone was horizontally adverted in-to a saturated area. The area of negative MPV generated both along the occluded front in this case study and in the region of the bent-back warm front in a numerical simulation showed a mesoscale structure with a width of about 200-500 km. It was found that the intrusion of moist or dry air into baroclinic zones was important for MPV genera-tion. In addition, baroclinicity increase (adjacent to the area of condensation) in the regions of high moisture gra-dients led to significant MPV production.     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu frontoccurring on 5—6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of thepotential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moistisentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticityvalue rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes thecyclonic vortex development.     

一次江淮暴雨的MPV及对称不稳定研究

根据湿位涡（ＭＰＶ）理论分析了１９９１年７月５￣６日的暴雨过程中７００ｈＰａ高度上的湿位涡垂直部分ＭＰＶ１和水平部分ＭＰＶ２。结果显示,ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分布特征同对流层低层造成暴雨的天气系统－－中尺度气旋的发展演变有很好的对应关系;ＭＰＶ１〉０,ＭＰＶ２〈０且｜ＭＰＶ１｜≤｜ＭＰＶ２｜的环境大气有利于对称不稳定出现计算表明,这次过程的对流层中低层确有对称不稳定区域存在,对暴雨及其系统的发展起了     

江西“6·19”特大暴雨天气过程诊断分析

利用NCEP逐6 h 1°×1°的grib再分析资料和常规气象观测等资料,对2010年6月19—20日江西地区特大暴雨天气过程的物理量演变及高低空急流配置进行了分析。结果表明,此次特大暴雨过程发生在副高与高空槽稳定维持的有利背景场环境下。暴雨落区上空强烈的垂直上升运动,持续的西南水汽输送和高低空急流配置,共同造成了此次大范围暴雨的发生和维持。在高空急流入口区右后侧、低空急流的前方造成正涡度辐合上升运动,暴雨出现在低空急流的左前方。气流的高层辐散与低层辐合的叠加,形成强烈的上升运动,为这次暴雨天气的产生提供了有利的环境条件,也是对流维持、持续的重要机制。湿位涡低层为负、高层为正,高、低值中心和密集带的演变显示了强对流系统暖湿气流与外界干冷空气的相互作用。     

江苏一次大暴雨过程的数值模拟

采用中尺度数值模式WRF（v2．2）对2007年7月7～9日发生在江苏的一次区域性大暴雨过程进行数值模拟,对模式输出资料,利用位涡与湿位涡理论分析了这次大暴雨维持发展的机制。分析结果表明,正位涡异常区对应着强上升区,低层湿位涡负值中心对应降水中心,高层正值区的移动也能预示雨区的移动,湿等熵面的陡立面的出现致使对流不稳定发展。     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV)equation was deduced from a completeset of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heat-ing and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the de-velopment of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework ofmoist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,orconvergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analy-sis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According tothis theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,or convective stable orunstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind ormoist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surfaceis slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the develop-ment of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist airto the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region mostfavorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of theChangjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially theisobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,iseffective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low lati-tudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction oftorrential rain.     

在“鞍”型大尺度环流配置下西南低涡发展的物理过程及其对川东暴雨发生的作用

利用2005年7月6～9日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料，从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流，并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量(Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温，分析诊断了此次暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程, 其结果表明如下:(1)在此次暴雨发生期间，四川盆地北部由于受中高纬长波东移调整的影响, 不断有低压槽分裂出来并影响此地区, 在盆地的西南方向的孟加拉湾季风槽比较活跃, 南海季风向北输送由于受到西风输送的作用在四川盆地东南部也出现弱的横槽, 并且西太平洋副高西伸到四川盆地东部以及存在于高原中部的高压共同作用, 从而形成明显“鞍”型大尺度环流配置; (2)在此“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景下, 强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地, 而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部, 受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带, 同时, 由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽, 暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区; (3)在此“鞍”型场作用下, 盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气, 而在高层有冷干空气侵入, 从而导致盆地内低涡系统强烈发展; (4) 由湿位涡的垂直分量和水平分量的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间, 在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵, 引起了垂直对流不稳定, 即Pm1<0, 并向盆地东北部发展, 从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强, 即低涡强烈发展; 并且, 在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用, 正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性, 这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域。