位涡理论及其应用

位涡是近代天气动力学的重要概念之一。本文主要对位涡理论的某些要点,包括位涡的概念、位涡的守恒性、位涡的分析、位涡思想、位涡反演、湿位涡及位涡理论的发展和应用等作一简要介绍。     

"碧丽斯"台风暴雨影响广西的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论,对发生在广西境内由台风减弱的低压引发的大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明:暴雨产生在eθ面陡峭密集区附近,eθ陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展;当对流层低层M PV 1<0,同时M PV 2>0时,暴雨易发生,暴雨产生在高低空正负湿位涡柱的下方;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传,使得对流层低层稳定度降低,导致对流不稳定能量释放,有利于暴雨产生。低层西南暖湿气流加强,不稳定能量在释放的同时不断得到补充,使得暴雨增幅。     

Study on moist potential vorticity and symmetric instability during a heavy rain event occurred in the Jiang-Huai valleys

In the light of the theory on moist potential vorticity (MPV) investigation was undertaken of the 700 hPa vertical (horizontal) component MP1 (MPV2) for the heavy rain event occurring in Ju-ly 5-6,1991. Results show that the distribution features of the two components were closely related to the development of a mesoscale cyclone as a rainstorm-causing weather system in the lower troposphere in such a way that the ambient atmosphere of which MPV1>0 and MPV2<0 with |MPVl|≥|MPV2| favored the genesis of conditional symmetric instability (CSI) and that, as in-dicated by calculations, a CSI sector was really existent in the lower troposphere during the heavy rain happening and contributed greatly to its development.     

1011号台风“凡亚比”粤西暴雨二次加强过程的分析

为了能够深入了解1011号台风"凡亚比"粤西暴雨过程发生发展机制,采用天气学诊断方法、Ncep1°×1°再分析资料和观测降水资料对凡亚比登陆后在广东西部地区造成的两次暴雨过程进行了研究。通过初步诊断分析得到以下结论:粤西暴雨二次增强的主要原因是强冷空气侵入和水汽输送增加,二次增强过程偏南风主导的水汽条件造成了暴雨增强。假相当位温的垂直剖面显示暴雨主要发生在等值线密集陡峭的区域,等值线的斜率增加对暴雨二次增强有指示作用。湿位涡在暴雨区为上正下负的垂直分布形式,对流层上层高值位涡向下传递,高层干冷空气与低层暖湿气流交汇促使降水增加。     

A Diagnostic Study of Moist Potential Vorticity Generation in an Extratropical Cyclone

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珠三角一次暖区强降水过程湿位涡的演变特征

首先利用常规资料分析了2008年6月13日发生在珠江三角洲地区的一次暖区强降水的天气背景,再借助于高时空分辨率的WRF中尺度数值模拟结果,对等压面湿位涡在强降水过程中的演变进行了诊断分析,结果表明:暴雨出现在高层高值MPV1和低层低值MPV1、低层高值MPV2的配置区,本次暴雨高层高值MPV1扰动来自西北和西南方向,低...     

一次早台风暴雨的湿位涡分析

0601号强台风"珍珠"是1949年以来5月份登陆我国最强的台风之一,与西风带系统在低纬度相互作用是早台风的预报要点.通过台风暴雨过程的湿位涡(MPV)分析,从湿位涡和湿位涡平流的的角度探讨西风带系统在早台风暴雨中的作用.结果表明:对流层中高层冷空气以漏斗状高MPV1柱的形式在江淮地区的维持及漏斗底部正MPV1向南入侵强台风环流,触发不稳定能量储存和释放,是此次早台风暴雨强度大的重要原因,同时也是台风登陆后迅速填塞,降水快速减弱的重要因素之一.正MPV2中心与暴雨中心有较好的对应.MPV2平流与MPV1平流量级相当,湿斜压作用与正压作用同样重要.     

Evolution of moist potential vorticity during a warm-zone heavy rainfall event in the Pearl River Delta

First,based on routine meteorological data,the synoptic characteristics of a heavy warm-sector rainfall that occurred on June 13,2008 in the Pearl River Delta were analyzed.Second,a mesoscale numerical model,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRFV2.2),was used to simulate the heavy rainfall. Diagnostic analyses were done of moist potential vorticity(MPV)for its horizontal components(MPV2) and vertical components(MPV1)based on the simulation results of WRFV2.2 to identify the mechanism of the rainfall development.The results showed that the heavy rainfall occurred when there were high MPV1 in the upper levels and low MPV1 and high MPV2 in the lower levels.Disturbances of high MPV1 in the upper levels came from the southwest or northwest,those of low MPV1 in the lower levels came from the southwest,and those of high MPV2 came from the south.Disturbances of low MPV1 at low levels were the direct cause of convective instability.Enhanced vertical shear of meridional wind led to increased MPV2 at lower levels,strengthened baroclinicity,and active warm and wet flows.These distributions of MPV helped to trigger the release of unstable energy and produce warm-sector heavy rainfall.As it integrates the evolution of dynamic and thermal fields,MPV is able to reveal the development of this heavy rainfall effectively.     

湿位涡子项在华南前汛期两类暴雨中的诊断分析

本文从湿位涡的正压项(ζMPV1)和斜压项(ζMPV2)两子项出发,应用常规资料和NCEP再分析资料,通过动态合成分析法,分别分析ζMPV各子项在华南前汛期连续性锋面暴雨和暖区暴雨过程中的特征,并用双雨带过程进行了验证。结果表明:低层ζMPV2的子项(ζ22),对华南锋面降水诊断能力较强,特别是对强降水分布结构特征及中心位置具有明显的诊断能力,不足之处是其强弱并不能直接指示降水的强弱。锋面强降水中心附近的低层ζMPV1与降水量有一定的反相关性。低层强ζMPV1负值对暖区强降水具有潜势预报能力,但其负中心位置或分布结构不能表征降水中心位置及其分布。ζMPV2及其两子项对暖区暴雨无明显诊断能力。以上所得结论物理意义明确,有助于预报员在实际预报业务中更好地使用湿位涡。     

2005年6月湖南大暴雨过程的天气动力学诊断分析

利用NCEP分析资料和实测资料，对2005年6月初湖南大暴雨过程进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：暴雨区中上升运动和水汽辐合均大于周围区域，中低层为对流不稳定层结。暴雨区位于非地转湿Q矢量辐合强迫的次级环流上升支中，其南北两侧为非地转下沉气流，下沉气流的补偿有利于暴雨系统的维持。非地转湿Q矢量辐合区对6小时暴雨落区预报有指示意义。暴雨区位于700hPa湿位涡和850hPa湿相对位涡负值中心附近偏暖湿气流一侧。低层暖湿平流和强上升运动致使低层湿空气辐合补偿、热量上传，利于高层辐散增强，抽吸作用加强低空辐合，促使暴雨发展。