四川甲基卡锂矿伟晶岩转石分布区“3定2参”大比例尺填图法及其在青藏高原应用的意义

我国西部地区无论是新疆阿尔泰还是地处青藏高原的西昆仑地区或是松潘-甘孜成矿带,都是我国伟晶岩型矿床找矿远景区,但要么剥蚀严重,要么第四系覆盖,难以找到好的地质露头。本文以地处青藏高原东南缘的川西甲基卡矿田为例,通过近10年来的实践,探索出一套在第四系覆盖严重但又有伟晶岩转石分布地区的填图找矿方法--"3定2参"1∶2000伟晶岩转石填图法,即:定伟晶岩转石类型、尺度、密度,参考矿区内伟晶岩脉产状和地形条件。实践证明,该方法能够快速有效识别伟晶岩转石类型(冰碛物、坡积物和原地或半原地型),并可进一步确定第四系覆盖区内伟晶岩脉的类型、产状及规模,为钻探工程部署提供依据。2019年在甲基卡经8个钻孔验证,在日西柯第四系覆盖区内发现16条花岗伟晶岩脉,其中锂辉石伟晶岩脉10条,实现了新的找矿突破。这一方法同样在可尔因矿集区适用,并指导2019年"松潘-甘孜成锂带锂铍多金属大型资源基地综合调查评价"项目在上述两个地区实施钻探验证,初步探获新增氧化锂资源量超过15万吨,值得进一步推广应用。     

导航星座抗毁路由方法与技术研究

基于分群管理、群首备份、链路冗余、链路修补的二代导航卫星网络组网结构,提出并设计了一种基于GEO星层、MEO星层、地面节点联合组网的抗毁路由算法（DRRA）。基于二代导航动态卫星网络中卫星移动的动态卫星网络中,提出的DRRA算法在定位信号稳定、数据包路由抗毁、数据包路由最短延时等方面具有优势,并分析了其主要原因。     

导航星座抗毁组网结构研究

为提高整个二代导航卫星网络的抗毁性能,对其抗毁组网结构进行了研究。基于分群管理、链路冗余与修补方法,提出并设计分析了一种基于GEO星层、MEO星层以及地面节点联合组网的二代导航卫星网络组网结构,根据快照周期内位置固定的方法对星座中MEO星层进行分群管理,设计其群首的备份选择机制,以及群首MEO替代失效群管理者GEO机制,提高了星座网络的通信链路的抗毁性。通过分析二代导航卫星网络中数据传输过程与类型,设计网络结构中群内、星层以及整个二代导航星座的通信链路,特别是对星座中MEO星层的通信链路进行充分的冗余设计,启用视距范围内间隔失效卫星间次相邻卫星节点链路连接的链路设计,并同时提高了整个二代导航卫星网络的通信性能和通信容量,可以满足各种不同业务需求的数据包传输。     

国家1:50000数据库更新工程总体设计研究与技术创新

为了全面提高1:50000数据库的信息现势性和要素完整性,我国"十一五"期间组织实施了国家1:50000数据库更新工程.介绍该工程总体技术研究与技术创新工作,包括研究设计以地形数据全要素更新、全区域变化检测和全过程质量控制为主要特征的1:50000数据库全面更新模式,研究提出符合我国大面积快速更新实际需要的缩编更新优先、影像一体化更新为主的主体更新方法,设计研制规模化更新所需的生产技术系统,制定配套的生产技术规定,建立规模化更新生产业务体系,并在全国大规模更新生产中广泛使用.

Abstract：

The currency of geographic data refers to its consistency with respect to the real world, and plays a criti-cal role in geographic information service and applications. In order to improve the quality of geographic informa-tion service, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China had launched a five year's national campaign to up-date 1 : 50000 topographic database. This paper outlines the master design and technical development of this na-tional updating engineering, which adopts a full coverage updating strategy characterized by all element topo-graphic data modeling, change detection in all related areas, and whole process data quality controlling. High resolution image-based updating and large-scale data generalization-based updating were developed and used as two majors updating techniques, a series of technical production specifications were made, Based on the above, a technical system for large scale updating production, mainly including image based updating software and data generalization based updating software, has been developed and equipped to a large number of production units. The new technical pro-duction system has been successfully implemented in national campaign to update 1 : 50000 topographic database.     

Using visibility analysis to improve point density and processing time of SfM-MVS techniques for 3D reconstruction of landforms

Image network geometry, including the number and orientation of images, impacts the error, coverage, and processing time of 3D terrain mapping performed using structure-from-motion and multiview-stereo (SfM-MVS). Few studies have quantified trade-offs in error and processing time or ways to optimize image acquisition in diverse topographic conditions. Here, we determine suitable camera locations for image acquisition by minimizing the occlusion produced by topography. Viewshed analysis is used to select the suitable images, which requires a preliminary digital elevation model (DEM), potential camera locations, and sensor parameters. One aerial and two ground-based image collections were used to analyse differences between SfM-MVS models produced using: (1) all available images (ALL); (2) images selected using conventional methods (CON); and (3) images selected using the viewshed analysis (VIEW). The resulting models were compared with benchmark point clouds acquired by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and TLS-derived DEMs. The VIEW datasets produced denser point clouds (28–32% more points) and DEMs with up to 66% reduction in error compared with CON datasets due to reduction of gaps in the DEM. VIEW datasets reduced processing time by 37–76% compared with ALL, with no reduction in coverage or increase in error. DEMs produced with ALL and VIEW datasets had similar slope and roughness, while slight differences that may be locally important were observed for the CON dataset. The new method helps optimize SfM-MVS image collection strategies that significantly reduce the number of images required with minimal loss in coverage or accuracy over complex surfaces. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

荒漠草原不同植被盖度区面积对降水的响应

降水波动是气候变化的主要指标之一,其在半干旱荒漠草原区植被变化中起着主要的驱动作用。在考虑到年降水量与生长期降水量的前提下,本文通过地面植被盖度反射光谱模型构建和基于3S技术的区域植被盖度分布格局反演,分析了荒漠草原不同植被盖度分布面积对降水的响应。结果表明:在荒漠草原区,不同植被盖度的区域面积和年降水量、生长期降水量呈波动变化。年降水量和生长期降水量与不同植被盖度区域面积可以拟合成线性、幂函数、指数和对数函数曲线关系。植被盖度小于10%的区域面积随着降水量的增加而下降,植被盖度大于10%区域面积随着降水量的增加而增加,盖度10%是低盖度与高盖度间相互转化阈值。当植被盖度为<2%、2%～6%、10%～15%、15%～20%、20%～25%时,拟合的曲线关系能较好地表达不同植被盖度区域面积随降水量变化的趋势(p< 0.01)。荒漠草原不同植被盖度区域面积的波动变化主要与多根葱、阿尔泰狗娃花、松叶猪尾菜和小画眉草等草本植物生长响应降水变化密切相关。     

柴达木河都兰区植被覆盖率变化特征

柴达木河都兰区位于青海柴达木盆地东南部,干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱。基于MODIS NDVI数据,应用遥感方法,对都兰区2000—2011年的植被覆盖率进行了计算,并分析了其影响因素。结果表明：研究区内裸土和低覆盖率植被的面积逐年减小,而较低覆盖率、中等覆盖率、较高覆盖率及高覆盖率植被的面积均逐年增加;研究区植被覆盖率与降水及相对湿度呈正相关关系,区域植被生长与地下水埋深的关系较为密切;宗加-诺木洪植被区的地下水埋深范围为0.7～3.5 m,在水埋深为1.7 m的地方,植被长势最好;当研究区的地下水水质矿化度小于3 g·L^-1时,植被发育较好。     

Influences of alpine ecosystem degradation on soil temperature in the freezing-thawing process on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The alpine ecosystem is very sensitive to environmental change due to global and local disturbances. The alpine ecosystem degradation, characterized by reducing vegetation coverage or biomass, has been occurring in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which alters local energy balance, and water and biochemical cycles. However, detailed characterization of the ecosystem degradation effect is lack in literature. In this study, the impact of alpine ecosystem degradation on soil temperature for seasonal frozen soil and permafrost are examined. The vegetation coverage is used to indicate the degree of ecosystems degradation. Daily soil temperature is monitored at different depths for different vegetation coverage, for both permafrost and seasonal frozen soils. Results show that under the insulating effort of the vegetation, the freezing and thawing process become quicker and steeper, and the start of the freezing and thawing process moves up due to the insulating effort of the vegetation. The influence of vegetation coverage on the freezing process is more evident than the thawing process; with the decrease of vegetation coverage, the integral of frozen depth increases for seasonal frozen soil, but is vice versa for permafrost.     

宁夏植被覆盖动态变化及与气候因子的关系

利用1999-2009年的SPOT-VGT NDVI数据,计算出宁夏近11 a来的植被覆盖度,对其变化特征进行了研究,结合同期气象观测资料,从空间上分析了植被覆盖度与区域气候因子之间的关系。结果表明,南部六盘山区和北部引黄灌区植被覆盖度高,而中部干旱带等地区的植被覆盖度较低,但中部干旱带却有较高的绝对变化率;从时间变化来看,近11 a来宁夏大部分地区的植被覆盖度在逐年增加。植被覆盖度的变化与气候因子有关,除引黄灌区和六盘山林区外,中部干旱带等地的植被覆盖度与降水呈正相关,区域气候的干湿波动,影响了植被覆盖度的高低;在有灌溉保障条件的农业垦殖区,植被覆盖度还与气温呈正相关,即有效积温的增加,会促进农作物生长,从而导致区域植被的覆盖度提高。