凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)生长和耐低溶氧性状的遗传参数估计和遗传获得评估

选择来自75个家系的6000尾凡纳滨对虾个体进行为期96h的耐低溶氧试验,测定其生长性状和耐低溶氧性状。利用线性动物模型估计了凡纳滨对虾收获时期生长和耐低溶氧性状的方差组分和遗传参数。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾收获体长和收获体质量的遗传力分别为0.35±0.11和0.48±0.15,表现为中高遗传力水平,且统计检验显著(P0.05)。收获体长和收获体质量间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.89和0.95,表现为高度线性正相关(P0.05)。凡纳滨对虾耐低溶氧性状的遗传力为0.07±0.03,表现为低遗传力水平。生长性状(收获体长和收获体质量)和耐低溶氧性状间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.14—0.18和0.11—0.13,表现为低度线性正相关,但统计检验不显著(P0.05)。耐低溶氧性状的选择反应和遗传获得的估计值较低,分别为0.02±0.02和4.87%。体长的选择反应和遗传获得分别为0.65±0.18和7.22%;体质量的选择反应和遗传获得分别为1.13±0.31和11.07%,表明第一代对生长性状的选育达到了良好的效果。     

凡纳滨对虾TOR蛋白下游信号传导因子eIF4E2和eIF4E1A基因克隆与功能分析

为研究mTOR信号通路在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)氨基酸代谢中的调控作用,本研究利用RACE技术首次克隆获得了凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中eif4e2和eif4e1a基因的全长c DNA序列。eif4e2基因c DNA序列全长1 069 bp,开放阅读框699 bp,编码232个氨基酸;eif4e1a基因c DNA序列全长3579bp,开放阅读框627bp,编码208个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对和进化分析均证实eIF4E2和eIF4E1A为目前已知的eIF4E家族蛋白的同源蛋白。利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法研究了eif4e2和eif4e1a基因在凡纳滨对虾不同组织中的表达差异以及注射雷帕霉素或氨基酸后肌肉中eif4e2和eif4e1a基因表达量的变化情况,探讨了eif4e2和eif4e1a基因在细胞生长中的调控作用。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾eif4e2和eif4e1a基因在眼柄、肝胰脏、肠道、胃、鳃丝和肌肉等组织中均有表达;其中eif4e2基因在肌肉中的表达量显著高于其他组织(P0.05),eif4e1a基因在肠道和肌肉中都有较高表达量,且在肠道中的表达量显著高于其在肌肉中的表达量(P0.05);注射雷帕霉素后2 h内肌肉中eif4e2和eif4e1a基因表达量都出现显著下降(P0.05);肌肉中eif4e1a基因的表达量在单独注射亮氨酸或精氨酸4 h内均未出现变化,但在同时注射亮氨酸和精氨酸后表达量显著增加(P0.05);肌肉中eif4e2基因在注射亮氨酸、精氨酸及亮氨酸加精氨酸后表达量都明显提高(P0.05),且同时注射亮氨酸和精氨酸后,基因表达变量明显比单独注射亮氨酸或精氨酸后变化量大。本研究从动物分子营养学角度出发,克隆了凡纳滨对虾mTOR信号通路中eif4e2和eif4e1a两个基因,并证明其能够通过mTOR信号通路接收不同氨基酸信号来调控细胞生长,对于深入了解对虾的生长和代谢调控机制、饲料配方的优化以及建立合理的养殖管理模式都具有重要的意义。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)感染白斑症病毒(WSSV)后大颗粒血细胞的变化

采用抗凡纳滨对虾大颗粒细胞的单克隆抗体，应用免疫细胞化学方法，分析了凡纳滨对虾人工感染白斑症病毒(WSSV)后血细胞中大颗粒细胞的变化。研究表明，凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV后，大颗粒细胞的细胞质较正常细胞的多；从WSSV感染凡纳滨对虾的第1天至第3天，大颗粒细胞的数量增加幅度较大。同时，大颗粒细胞占血细胞总数的比例也增加较大：第1天为15．2％，第2天为18％，第3天增大到45．9％，而后大颗粒细胞的比例稍有下降，到第8天下降到43．3％，但仍明显高于对照组(健康虾的大颗粒细胞比例为15．2％)。     

南美白对虾淡养过程中虾池水质测定与分析

对 4个南美白对虾淡化养殖虾池池水的温度、盐度、p H值、溶解氧、营养盐 (硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐 )、叶绿素 a的变化进行了测定和分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 ) 4个虾池池水的温度为 2 3～ 2 9℃ ,盐度为 1 .1 0 0～ 1 .5 0 0 ,p H值为 8.1～ 8.8,溶解氧质量浓度为 4.84～ 6.95mg/L,基本适合南美白对虾生长过程中对水质的要求 ;( 2 ) 4个虾池池水中的无机氮和无机磷含量几乎全部超过富营养化阈值 ,其质量浓度的平均值分别为 0 .436mg/L和 0 .1 5 3mg/L。硝酸盐是总氮的主要存在形式 ,铵盐与亚硝酸盐在水体中的含量较高 ,但均低于南美白对虾要求的安全质量浓度 ,其质量浓度平均值分别为 82 .2 3μg/L和 5 5 .0 5μg/L。叶绿素 a含量很高 ,但在各虾池池水中的含量变化不一 ,与无机氮含量呈负相关。N/P值为 0 .5 8～ 1 1 .5 8,个别虾池达 32 .5 6,但各虾池绝大部分时间的 N/P值为 5以下。     

ON THE ULIRASTRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMOCYTES OF PENAEID SHRIMP, PENAEUS VANNAMEI (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA)

INTRODUCTIONHemocytesOfcrustaceansplayanimportantroleintheirimmunedefensenetWork(thethall,Cerenius,l992).Thesecellscanremoveforeignpallicleshyphagocytosis(Tyson,Jenldn,l974;Paterson,Stewed,l974)andencaPsulation(HoseandMartin,l989;Perssonetal.,1987)-TheraPidsealingofawoundtopreventhemolYmPhlossanddric~AnsmsfromPenetraingthewoundisanotherimportantprocessiflaqUaiccrustaceansandisthoughttobecormectedwiththeactivitiesofhemocytes(tevin,l985)-AttemPtshadbeenInadefromoverl(X)yearstoclass@…     

盐度对凡纳滨对虾幼虾消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法,在盐度为1,15和30的条件下,对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)幼虾消化酶活性进行测定。实验结果表明:(1)幼虾肝胰腺中,当盐度为1时,胃蛋白酶活性最高[29.58μg/(mg..min)],胰蛋白酶活性[92.46μg/(mg.min)]与盐度为15时的值[97.60μg/(mg.min)]相当;胃肠中,胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶活性均以盐度为1时最高。(2)当盐度为1时,肝胰腺和胃肠中脂肪酶活性最大,但统计分析各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)肝胰腺中,各盐度组的淀粉酶活性很接近,组间无显著差异(P>0.05);胃肠中,盐度为1时的淀粉酶活性最高,达109.29μg/(mg.min),显著高于盐度为15,30时的活性(P<0.05)。     

养殖对虾细菌性红体病的初步研究

从海南琼山患红体病的养殖南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的肝胰脏和肌肉中分离出2株细菌，经纯化培养后的人工感染结果表明，该2株菌均为引起对虾红体病的细菌性病原菌；根据对这2株菌的形态及生理生化特征检测结果，确定这2株菌分别为溶藻弧菌(Vibrioalginolyticus)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)。药敏试验表明，氮霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素等7种抗生素对抑制这2种致病菌具有良好作用。     

基于权重赋值法与灰色聚类法评价虾蛏串联养殖池塘的生态修复效果

水产养殖业的尾水排放已成为水域生态环境的污染源之一,为探究凡纳滨对虾-缢蛏串联养殖模式的生态修复效果,对凡纳滨对虾-缢蛏串联养殖池塘的水生态进行周年跟踪测定,并采用权重赋值法与灰色聚类法对其生态修复效果进行评价.结果 显示:串联模式下浮游植物的丰度介于6.8× 105～2.5×108 cell/L,生物量为2.04～6...     

Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds

The plankton was examined as an indicator of water quality in 14 shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farms in Brazil in 2003. The ponds were categorized by high stocking density (>30 PL m⁻²) of phytoplankton, consisting of 51 species with concentrations ranging from 365,218 ± 416,615 cells mL⁻¹ to 1,961,675 ± 3,160,172 cells mL⁻¹. Diatoms contributed to almost 70% of the species number and high densities resulted from Cyanophyta blooms, mainly Pseudanabaena cf limnetica. Forty zooplankton taxa were registered and were essentially composed of typical marine euryhaline species and suspension-feeders. Copepoda dominated (45%) the make-up, followed by Protozoa (18%), Rotifera (12%), and Mollusca (12%) larvae. Zooplankton varied from 972 ± 209 ind m⁻³ to 4235 ± 2877 ind m⁻³. Enhanced nutrient input affected plankton density and composition. Diatom and Copepoda dominance was replaced by cyanobacteria, protozoan, and rotifers as nutrient concentrations increased with the cultured period, indicating that plankton structure is affected by eutrophic conditions.     

Effects of different enzymatic hydrolysis methods on the bioactivity of peptidoglycan in Litopenaeus vannamei

The effects of different hydrolysis methods on peptidoglycan(PG) were assessed in terms of their impact on the innate immunity and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei.PG derived from Bifidobacterium thermophilum was prepared in the laboratory and processed with lysozyme and protease under varying conditions to produce several different PG preparations.A standard shrimp feed was mixed with 0.05% PG preparations to produce a number of experimental diets for shrimp.The composition,concentration,and molecular weight ranges of the soluble PG were analyzed.Serum phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase activity in the shrimp were determined on Days 6-31 of the experiment.The protective activity of the PG preparations was evaluated by exposing shrimp to white spot syndrome virus(WSSV).Data on the composition of the PG preparations indicated that preparations hydrolyzed with lysozyme for 72 h had more low-molecular-weight PG than those treated for 24 h,and hydrolysis by protease enhanced efficiency of hydrolysis compared to lysozyme.SDS-PAGE showed changes in the molecular weight of the soluble PG produced by the different hydrolysis methods.Measurements of serum phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase activity levels in the shrimp indicated that the PG preparations processed with enzymes were superior to the preparation which had not undergone hydrolysis in enhancing the activity of the two serum enzymes.In addition,the preparation containing more low-molecular-weight PG enhanced the resistance of the shrimp to WSSV,whereas no increased resistance was observed for preparations containing less low-molecular-weight PG.These findings suggest that the immunity-enhancing activity of PG is related to its molecular weight and that increasing the quantity of low-molecular-weight PG can fortify the effect of immunity enhancement.