投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) PI3K信号通路及糖代谢相关酶基因表达的影响

适宜的投喂频率能提高对虾的代谢和免疫能力,加快生长,实现提质增效的目标。为探讨不同投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)糖代谢及相关信号通路的影响,以(7.6±1.0) g的凡纳滨对虾为实验材料,设置2、3、4、6次/d,共4个投喂频率处理组,每组设3个平行,实验持续14 d,实验结束时取样,测定PI3K信号通路相关因子PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、mTOR,代谢酶基因中HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK,葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1、GLUT2 mRNA表达水平的变化。结果发现:随着投喂频率的增加, PI3K信号通路关键基因表达的水平显著上升(P<0.05),其中6次/d投喂组PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α和mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 4次/d投喂组mTOR表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05);代谢关键酶基因HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK、FBP、PEPCK的表达水平随投喂频率的增加而增加,其中6次/d投喂组糖酵解HK、PFK、GAPDH、PK酶基因表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05), 3、4和6次/d投喂组糖异生酶FBP表达水平显著高于2次/d投喂组(P<0.05),葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT2在2、3、6次/d投喂频率处理组显著高于4次/d频率投喂组(P<0.05)。得出结论认为较高的投喂频率可以通过激活凡纳滨对虾糖代谢酶基因、糖转运蛋白及PI3K信号通路的表达来提高糖代谢水平。     

凡纳滨对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病(AHPND)研究进展

自2009年以来,一种新兴的虾类疾病－急性肝胰脏坏死病(AHPND),对全球对虾养殖业造成了巨大的损失。已有研究表明,该病病原是一类含有特殊毒力因子的弧菌,主要是副溶血性弧菌(VPAHPND)。本文将从该病的发生与流行、病原、检测方法、防控措施等方面的最新研究成果进行阶段性的总结,以期为该病症的防控技术提供参考。     

Optimal content and ratio of lysine to arginine in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The optimal quantity of dietary lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), and the optimal ratio of dietary Lys to Arg for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Coated Lys and Arg were added to a basal diet (37.99% crude protein and 7.28% crude lipid) to provide graded levels of Lys and Arg. The experimental diets contained three Lys levels (2.51%, 2.11%, and 1.70% of total diet), and three Arg levels (1.41%, 1.80%, and 2.21% of total diet) and all combinations of these levels were tested. Pacific white shrimp, with a mean weight of 3.62±0.1 g, were randomly distributed in 36 fiberglass tanks with 30 shrimp per tank and reared on the experimental diets for 50 days. After the feeding trial, the growth performance, survival, feed conversion rate (FCR), body composition and protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the experimental shrimps were determined. The results show that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), FCR, body protein, body Lys and Arg content were significantly affected by dietary Lys and Arg (P <0.05) and improved when dietary Lys and Arg levels were 2.11% ～ 2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, respectively. Protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the shrimps appeared higher when dietary Lys and Arg quantities were 2.11% ～2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, although the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Therefore, according to our results, the optimal Lys and Arg quantities in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, were considered to be 2.11%–2.51% and 1.80%–2.21%, respectively, and the optimal ratio to be 1:0.88–1:1.05.     

不同模式凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖池塘沉积物酶活性及其微生物群落结构分析

采用现场测定、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法及基质脱氢酶活性测定等方法,对4种不同养殖模式的凡纳滨对虾池塘的水质、沉积物酶活性及微生物群落结构进行了分析和研究。结果表明:养殖末期,凡纳滨对虾淡水混养和海水混养池塘水质较好,海水集约化池塘水质最差;其中海水集约化池塘沉积物基质中有机质含量、微生物生物量、微生物活性和酶活性都很高,真菌、G+菌的相对含量则很低。主成分分析(PCA)表明:第一主成分主要与脲酶、有机质含量、微生物活性、总PLFA、B/F有显著的正相关关系(r>0.9),而与Gram+/Gram-、pH、18:1ω9C/T、单不饱和/支链却存在显著的负相关关系(r>0.9);第二主成分主要与脱氢酶有显著正相关关系(r>0.8),四种池塘在PCA图中分散开,说明其微生物群落结构及环境状况存在明显差异。     

饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)非特异免疫基因表达量和抗病力的影响

采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,进行肠道复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾相关免疫基因表达量的研究。通过感染实验,分析饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾病毒感染能力的影响。结果表明,Real-time PCR揭示在投喂期间饲料中添加芽孢杆菌/溶藻弧菌组的对虾血淋巴细胞中的proPO、SOD和LZM的相对表达量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);感染WSSV后,对芽孢杆菌/溶藻弧菌组凡纳滨对虾血淋巴7个采样时间点的proPO、SOD、LZM的表达进行Real-time PCR分析,检测表明WSSV刺激24h后,对虾血淋巴中的proPO、SOD和LZM的表达呈现显著性上调,且分别在48h、96h、96h达到最大值。累积死亡率结果证实饲料中添加益生菌均可提高其对虾抗WSSV感染的能力,尤其以坚强芽孢杆菌活菌与溶藻弧菌活菌配合使用效果更佳。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾渗透调节中血蓝蛋白和糖酵解影响的初步研究

实验室条件下测定盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)血淋巴渗透压、血蓝蛋白、血糖、己糖激酶(HK)以及丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力的影响。以蜕皮间期对虾为实验材料(初始湿体重为(2.485±0.303)g),设盐度30为对照组,4个不同的盐度突变幅度(为2、4、6、8)为处理组(用S2、S4、S6和S8表示),于降低盐度和恢复盐度至30的不同时间点采样,实验持续7d。结果表明:(1)凡纳滨对虾血淋巴渗透压会随盐度变化而变化,S4组对虾血淋巴含量在整个实验过程中处于较低水平;(2)随着盐度突变幅度的增加,血蓝蛋白含量与对照组呈现显著性差异(P<0.05)的采样点增多;(3)S4组对虾血糖含量整个实验过程中一直处于较低水平,而S6、S8组对虾血糖含量相对较高;(4)整个实验过程中,S4组对虾肝胰脏中HK活力处于较低水平,而S6与S8组对虾肝胰脏中HK活力处于较高水平;(5)S2、S4组对虾肝胰脏中PK活力与对照组没有显著性差异(P<0.05),而S6和S8组对虾肝胰脏PK活力在盐度突变后与对照组肝胰脏PK活力表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

ZResponse to selection, heritability and genetic correlations between body weight and body size in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

To quantify the response to selection,heritability and genetic correlations between weight and size of Litopenaeus vannamei,the body weight (BW),total length (TL),body length (BL),first abdominal segment depth (FASD),third abdominal segment depth (TASD),first abdominal segment width (FASW),and partial carapace length (PCL) of 5-month-old parents and of offspring were measured by calculating seven body measurings of offspring produced by a nested mating design.Seventeen half-sib families and 42 full-sib families ofL.vannamei were produced using artificial fertilization from 2-4 dams by each sire,and measured at around five months post-metamorphosis.The results show that heritabilities among various traits were high:0.515士0.030 for body weight and 0.394士0.030 for total length.After one generation of selection,the selection response was 10.70% for offspring growth.In the 5"’ month,the realized heritability for weight was 0.296 for the offspring generation.Genetic correlations between body weight and body size were highly variable.The results indicate that external morphological parameters can be applied during breeder selection for enhancing the growth without sacrificing animals for determining the body size and breed ability;and selective breeding can be improved significantly,simultaneously with increased production.     

凡纳滨对虾碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶基因的克隆、表达及盐度应答效应

本研究通过c DNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)首次克隆得到凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)基因的c DNA全长序列,其中ALP基因全长序列1 910 bp,编码536个氨基酸;ACP基因全长序列1 544 bp,编码439个氨基酸。盐度调控设3个盐度组:31(对照)、16和3。养殖45 d后,荧光定量PCR测定对虾肝胰腺、肌肉、胃、肠和鳃5个组织中的ALP和ACP基因m RNA的表达情况。RT-PCR显示,ALP基因在5个组织中普遍表达,在肝胰腺中表达量最高(P0.05),肠道中的表达量最低(P0.05);ACP基因在5个组织中也均表达,在肝胰腺和鳃中表达量明显高于其他3个组织(P0.05)。盐度应答实验表明,不同盐度条件下,不同组织中,ALP和ACP基因存在不同的表达模式。在胃和鳃组织中,ALP基因在31盐度组的表达量显著高于其他两组(P0.05);在肝胰腺和肠道中,ALP基因在16盐度下的表达量明显低于其他两组(P0.05);在肌肉中,ALP基因的表达与其他组织均不同,31盐度组表达量最高,而16盐度组最低(P0.05);在肝胰腺中,ACP基因在31盐度组的表达量明显低于其他盐度组(P0.05);在肌肉和鳃两个组织中,ACP基因在31盐度下的表达量明显高于其余两个盐度组(P0.05);在肠道中,ACP基因的表达量在3盐度组明显高于其他两组(P0.05);而在胃中,ACP基因在3个盐度下的表达量没有显著性差异。上述结果为研究低盐条件下凡纳滨对虾的磷酸酶基因的变化机制提供了参考。     

Effects of rapid temperature changes on HK,PK and HSP70 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis> in different seasons

Activities of hexokinase(HK), pyrnvate kinase(PK)and levels of HSPT0 were measured to evaluate the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to rapid temperature changes under controlled laboratory conditions. Shrimps were subjected to a quick temperature change from 27℃ to 17℃ for the summer case(Cold temperature treatment), or from 17℃ to 27℃ for the winter case(Warm temperature treatment). After 0. 5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure time, shrimps were sampled and prepared for further analysis. The results showed that the effect of acute temperature changes on activities of HK was significant. Patterns of variations of the two glycolytic enzymes suggested that enzymes in the glycolysis cycle could adjust their activities to meet the acute temperature change. The HSP70 level increased in both cold and warm temperature treatments, suggesting that the rapid temperature changes activated the process of body's self-protection. But the difference in expression peak of HSP70 might be related to the different body size and the higher thermal sensitivity to temperature increase than to temperature decrease of L. Vannamei.