植硅体稳定同位素生物地球化学研究进展

植硅体形态鉴定与组合分析广泛应用于古环境重建和农作物起源分析等.鉴于植硅体的抗腐蚀、抗降解,易保存,锢囚的碳不易污染,且保存了植物的原始信息等特性,其有机地球化学研究日益被重视.植硅体稳定同位素分析表明植硅体是植物通过吸收单硅酸,以蒸腾作用为主要动力,在植物的不同部位发生同位素分馏淀积形成,其稳定同位素组成具有丰富的植物生理和环境信息.植物不同部位植硅体稳定同位素组成具有差异,其含量和硅、氧同位素值沿蒸腾流通常有增加的趋势.沉积物植硅体碳同位素分析不仅可以用于恢复草本的C3、C4植物生物量的比例,并且有可能重建古大气的碳同位素构成,是三者中最具有潜力的考古学、古环境研究的指标.植硅体有机化学组成分析,特别是类脂物分析,有利于认识植硅体碳同位素值相对于总有机碳偏负,C3、C4草本植硅体同位素差值范围缩小的原因.     

Application of oxidative stress indices in natural populations of Perna viridis as biomarker of environmental pollution

Oxidative stress indices were measured in gills and digestive glands of Perna viridis collected from three coastal locations in Goa i.e., Bambolim, Marmugao Harbour and Malim. In addition to lipid peroxidation, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase and two non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione) were investigated in order to understand their variation with respect to pollution status of the sampling locations. We observed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes of both the tissues at Mormugao Harbour and Malim, suggesting that the animals at these two locations are at higher level of oxidative stress as compared to those at Bambolim. Conversely, low levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione, observed at Mormugao Harbour and Malim indicate that the animals may use these compounds to counteract stress in the tissues. This study shows that changes in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and reduced glutathione in tissues of P. viridis can be used as molecular biomarkers in environmental monitoring programs.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)幼鱼日粮中主要营养素需要量研究

采用"金字塔"法对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的需要量进行了研究.试验共持续了60天.实验日粮中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物设定的范围分别为30%-48%、3%-18%和26%-35%.结果表明,当日粮碳水化合物在26%-32%,脂肪6%-12%,蛋白质39%-48%,能量在15.63-16.95MJ/kg和能量蛋白比为364-435J/mg时,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼均获得较好的生长率;日粮脂肪水平为12%以上时肝组织有不同程度的脂肪变性和坏死;肌肉蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的沉积受日粮中的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的影响,存在显著性差异(P<0.05);肝体指数和肠脂比随日粮中脂肪含量升高而增大,肝脏中的糖原含量受到日粮中添加碳水化合物水平的影响,且有显著差异(P<0.05);日粮中可消化能显著影响肌肉中脂肪的沉积,肠脂比、肝体指数和内脏比都随日粮中可消化能水平提高而呈上升趋势.本实验结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的适宜需要量为蛋白质39%-42%、脂肪6%-9%、碳水化合物26%-29%、能量15.63-16.95MJ/kg、能量蛋白比364-435J/mg.     

Seasonal and pollution-induced variations in biomarkers of transplanted mussels within the Beagle Channel

The occurrence of biomarker variations linked to environmental factors makes it difficult to distinguish the effect of pollution. In an attempt to evaluate spatial and seasonal effects of environmental parameters on biomarker responses, mussels Mytilus edulis chilensis coming from an aquaculture farm were transplanted to several points within Ushuaia Bay (Beagle Channel) for 6 weeks in summer and winter. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and levels of lipid peroxidation were measured in gills and digestive gland. Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Pb concentrations were also assessed. Results indicated a significant effect of seasons on biological responses as well as in metal bioaccumulation showing the influence of natural factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature and food availability. The interdependence of those environmental factors is important for the homeostasis of thermoconformers, especially regarding their oxidative metabolism and should also be taken into consideration to distinguish natural from pollution-induced variations.     

Organic carbon source tracing and DIC fertilization effect in the Pearl River: Insights from lipid biomarker and geochemical analysis

The photosynthetic conversion of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into organic carbon (OC) by using aquatic phototrophs in rivers may serve as a potential carbon sink, especially in the carbonate rock areas, thereby offering a clue for finding the missing carbon sink. However, primary-produced autochthonous OC is erroneously considered as terrestrial-derived allochthonous OC. Thus, carbonate weathering-related carbon sink is underestimated if only DIC concentrations sampled at river mouths are considered, and the transformation of DIC to autochthonous OC is neglected. Therefore, distinguishing sources of autochthonous and allochthonous OC is vital in the assessment of carbon sink. In this study, source-specific biomarkers, in association with chemical compositions and phytoplankton proxies in water samples collected from the Pearl River, were analyzed to determine OC sources. Results showed that biomarkers in the Pearl River were quite abundant, and the calculated average autochthonous OC was approximately 65% of the total OC, indicating intense in-river primary productivity. Moreover, phytoplankton biomass and DIC concentration were positively related, indicating the DIC fertilization effect on aquatic photosynthesis. High total suspended solid (TSS) on the water surface blocked the sunlight and then reduced phytoplankton production. However, in situ photosynthesis of phytoplankton could also produce autochthonous OC, even larger than the allochthonous source at sites with high DIC, and even with higher TSS concentrations. These findings comprehensively elucidated the formation of autochthonous OC based on the coupling action of rock weathering and photosynthetic activity in the riverine system, suggesting a potential direction for finding the missing carbon sink.     

Vitamin E co-treatment reduces Aroclor 1254-induced impairment of reproductive neuroendocrine function in Atlantic croaker

We have shown previously that exposure of Atlantic croaker to a PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254) results in impaired reproductive neuroendocrine function. In addition, we have identified hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) synthesis, as a target of PCB neuroendocrine toxicity. In order to further elucidate the mechanisms of PCB neurotoxicity, the present study investigated whether PCB-induced decrease in hypothalamic TPH activity resulted from degradation of the enzyme protein. Fish were exposed to Aroclor 1254 in the diet (0.1 mg/100 g body weight (BW)/day) for 30 days. The PCB exposure elicited a significant decrease in hypothalamic TPH protein content, which could be at least partially responsible for the reduced TPH activity. To test whether a similar PCB exposure could cause oxidative damage in croaker hypothalamic tissues, we examined the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts as a marker of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The same dose of PCB increased the MDA-protein adduct formation in the hypothalamus. In a separate experiment, the role of vitamin E, an antioxidant, to prevent or decrease the effect of PCB on hypothalamic TPH activity and gonadal growth was examined. The vitamin E co-treatments (1 and 10 mg/100 g BW/day) with PCB significantly reduced the effects of PCB on TPH activity and gonadal growth. These results suggest possible involvement of oxidative processes in PCB neurotoxicity.     

久效磷对海洋微藻细胞的活性氧伤害

于1994年8月－1995年12月运用生态毒理学和生物化学实验方法对有机磷农药－久效磷对海洋微藻的毒性机理进行了研究。结果结果，随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长，3种海洋微藻：扁藻、叉鞭金藻和三角褐指藻细胞的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量不断提高，与此同时，3种微藻细胞的电解质外渗率也相应地增加。这说明在久效磷的胁压力下，微藻细胞内过量的活性氧引起细胞膜的膜脂过氧化伤害，导致细胞膜透性增加，电解质大量外渗，微藻细胞严重受害，进而生长受到抑制甚至死亡。     

A new approach to detecting vegetation and land-use change using high-resolution lipid biomarker records in stalagmites

A hundred-year stalagmite lipid biomarker record from Mechara, southeastern Ethiopia, is presented. The record has been recovered at a 10-yr temporal resolution, marking the first time this has been achieved in stalagmite biomarker work and providing the first opportunity to investigate the relationship between stalagmite lipid records and hydrological transport lags, a vital issue in interpreting palaeoenvironmental signals. Preserved plant-derived n-alkanes and n-alkanols show clear changes in composition over time, relating to known land-use changes in the area, particularly the expansion of agriculture in the early twentieth century. The level of environmental detail provided by this technique, combined with the long-term chronological framework offered by stalagmites, holds significant promise for the investigation of early human environments and their associated climatic and anthropogenic controls.     

Late Holocene sea-surface temperature and precipitation variability in northern Patagonia, Chile (Jacaf Fjord, 44°S)

A high-resolution multi-proxy study including the elemental and isotopic composition of bulk organic matter, land plant-derived biomarkers, and alkenone-based sea-surface temperature (SST) from a marine sedimentary record obtained from the Jacaf Fjord in northern Chilean Patagonia (44°20′S) provided a detailed reconstruction of continental runoff, precipitation, and summer SST spanning the last 1750 yr. We observed two different regimes of climate variability in our record: a relatively dry/warm period before 900 cal yr BP (lower runoff and average SST 1°C warmer than present day) and a wet/cold period after 750 cal yr BP (higher runoff and average SST 1°C colder than present day). Relatively colder SSTs were found during 750–600 and 450–250 cal yr BP, where the latter period roughly corresponds to the interval defined for the Little Ice Age (LIA). Similar climatic swings have been observed previously in continental and marine archives of the last two millennia from central and southern Chile, suggesting a strong latitudinal sensitivity to changes in the Southern Westerly Winds, the main source of precipitation in southern Chile, and validating the regional nature of the LIA. Our results reveal the importance of the Chilean fjord system for recording climate changes of regional and global significance.