青海湖流域50年来(1956-2007年)河川径流量变化趋势——以布哈河和沙柳河为例

通过对青海湖流域布哈河和沙柳河50年来的河川径流量分析发现,布哈河和沙柳河年径流量50年来没有显著的变化趋势,这两条河流的河川径流量对青海湖水位下降所起的作用不明显;布哈河月平均流量的年际变化在1月、2月和3月有减少的趋势,沙柳河月平均流量的年际变化在1月、2月、4月和5月亦有减少的趋势;布哈河的径流量大于沙柳河的径流量,在55%-91%频率范围内,布哈河的径流量小于沙柳河的径流量,在其它频率范围内,布哈河的径流量显著大于沙柳河的径流量,在一年中,布哈河和沙柳河的月径流量具有显著的差异;布哈河来水丰沛期是20世纪60年代,贫乏期是90年代,70和80年代为平水期;沙柳河月径流量从20世纪60年代到90年代一直比较稳定,没有发生显著的变化.     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

黄河河口演变(Ⅰ) --(一)河口水文特征

本文利用20世纪后半个世纪的完整实测资料，研究了河口径流量与输沙量的变化，自50年代至90年代呈明显递减。对黄河口的水文特征：水情、沙情、断流、离子流量、滨海潮汐、潮流、余流、温、盐度分布、风暴潮、拦门沙与盐水楔等作出定性和定量的论述。对断流的危害、成因及缓解对策作出分析。河口淤积、延伸、改道对黄河下游的影响也作出时空上的定量分析。对1855年以来近代黄河三角洲海岸线变化，作出了定量研究。     

基于MapObjects的闽江口湿地信息系统

在动态度、马尔柯夫链等数学方法和景观生态学理论指导下,建立了闽江口湿地时空演变模型,应用组件式技术,利用MapObjects在Visual Basic平台上,进行闽江口湿地时空演变信息系统设计和开发,并应用该信息系统对闽江口湿地时空演变进行实例分析。结果表明,该系统能更高效、直观管理闽江口湿地空间信息和属性信息,以形象化的方式对湿地作全局性时空分析,使得闽江口湿地管理和保护更加科学。     

恩平凹陷新近系韩江组沉积微相及岩性圈闭类型

新近系韩江组是珠江口盆地恩平凹陷的油气主要储集层段,随着勘探程度的提高,寻找岩性油气藏是未来油气勘探的重要方向。为了系统地研究该地区岩性圈闭的发育类型,在“沉积层序”理论模型的指导下,划分出高位体系域、海侵体系域及低位体系域,并通过井震结合、岩芯观察,结合RGB属性融合技术增强关键沉积单元的刻画,开展了精细的沉积微相研究,共识别出辫状河道、串沟河道、曲流河道、河口坝、海岸砂脊和远砂坝6种沉积微相类型。在微相砂体刻画的基础上,结合构造特征,总结了该地区发育的构造-岩性圈闭、多砂体类型岩性圈闭以及上倾尖灭型岩性圈闭三大岩性圈闭类型,其中凹陷中部、西南部以河道砂为储层的构造-岩性圈闭为最具勘探潜力的目标类型。     

Morphology and dynamics of the intertidal floodplain along the Amazon tidal river

Depositional environments along the tidal river downstream of Óbidos have been proposed as important sinks for up to one third of the sediment discharge from the Amazon River. However, the morphology of the intertidal floodplain and the dynamics of sediment exchange along this reach have yet to be described. River-bank surveys in five regions along the Amazon tidal river reveal a distinct transition in bank morphology between the upper, central and lower reaches of the tidal river. The upper tidal-river floodplain is defined by prominent natural levees that control the transfer of water and sediment between the mainstem Amazon River and its floodplain. Greater tidal influence in the central tidal river suppresses levee development, and tidal currents increase sediment transport into the distal parts of the floodplain. In the lower tidal river, the floodplain morphology closely resembles marine intertidal environments (e.g. mud flats, salt marshes), with dendritic tidal channels incising elevated vegetated flats. Theory, morphology and geochronology suggest that the dynamics of sediment delivery to the intertidal floodplain of the Amazon tidal river vary along its length due to the relative influence and coupling of fluvial and tidal dynamics. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流地貌演化研究进展

本文基于近年来全球河流地貌演化的研究实例及新进展,介绍了主要的研究载体与思路,讨论了河流地貌演化事件背后的地质、环境意义。沉积学、地貌学、物源分析、低温热年代学等是解决河流地貌演化问题的重要工具。沉积学记录着河流演化的一手资料,同时,沉积物定年技术的发展为揭示河流演化过程提供了高精度的时间约束。地貌指数研究是根据河流剖面形态与流域特征等揭示河流及区域地貌演化过程的研究手段,在恢复基岩隆升历史,定义地貌演化状态和判断分水岭迁移等方面具有优势。基于碎屑热年代学的物源分析方法结合沉积物沉积年代测定的研究思路则是利用了地表物质的“源—汇”过程变化,是揭示水系沟通演化历史的有效手段。当借助中-低温热年代学的多方法联合和单矿物的多重定年作为物源示踪剂时,可以有效提高分析精度,具有广阔的研究前景。另外,低温热年代学和宇宙核素¹⁰Be等对浅表过程十分敏感,记录了百万年—千年尺度的河流侵蚀作用,是示踪流域侵蚀方式空间变化和定量化揭示侵蚀过程的有力工具。河流的诞生与演化是地表过程的重大事件,记录了局部或区域的构造—气候背景,也是研究构造—气候—地貌耦合及互馈过程的重要纽带。特别是新生代晚期以来,地貌形成过程伴随着古人类的诞生与发展,而河流的演化则在古人类活动和迁徙中起到了重要的控制作用。因此,河流地貌演化的背景动力及环境意义体现了地球多圈层的相互作用与协同演化。

     

长江中下游六省大气甲烷柱浓度时空分布

甲烷(CH₄)是造成气候变暖的主要温室气体之一。为了了解长江中下游水稻种植区CH₄浓度的分布情况,本次研究基于温室气体观测卫星(greenhousegasesobservingsatellite,GOSAT)和大气红外探测仪(atmospheric infraredsounder,AIRS)卫星反演的数据产品,对我国长江中下游六省大气CH₄柱浓度的时空分布特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,由GOSAT反演的长江中下游六省大气CH₄浓度呈逐年增长趋势,其年均浓度由2011年的1817×10^-9增长至2018年的1875×10^-9,高于东三省、华北平原和全国平均水平。区域平均年增长量为8.2×10^-9 a^-1。各省年际增长幅度略有差异,纬度偏低的江西、湖南和浙江三省大气CH₄浓度高且增长量偏大,纬度偏高的湖北、安徽和江苏三省大气CH₄浓度略低且增长量偏小。长江中下游六省大气CH...     

Optimizing fixed observational assets in a coastal observatory

Proliferation of coastal observatories necessitates an objective approach to managing of observational assets. In this article, we used our experience in the coastal observatory for the Columbia River estuary and plume to identify and address common problems in managing of fixed observational assets, such as salinity, temperature, and water level sensors attached to pilings and moorings. Specifically, we addressed the following problems: assessing the quality of an existing array, adding stations to an existing array, removing stations from an existing array, validating an array design, and targeting of an array toward data assimilation or monitoring.     

松辽盆地西部斜坡英台地区姚二、三段辫状河三角洲沉积特征研究

松辽地区西部斜坡英台地区姚家组二、三段,是在干旱一半干旱、源近流短、东倾陡坡背景下,在洪积扇前,由辫状河入湖形成的辫状河三角洲沉积。可明显区分出狭窄的辫状河三角洲平原,河口坝不太发育的辫状河三角洲前缘和夹浊积砂的辫状河前三角洲三种沉积亚相。辫状河三角洲平原由灰色含砾砂岩,粗、中砂岩,少量细砂岩,粉砂岩夹紫红色泥岩组成。具有明显的正韵律为特征。辫状河三角洲前缘沉积为灰色-绿灰色中、粗砂岩、细砂岩、少量的含砾砂岩,成正韵律或反韵律夹在灰绿色、灰黑色泥质岩中。辫状河前三角洲沉积多为灰绿色、灰黑色泥质岩,可夹少量砂质浊积岩。上述沉积特征明显地区别于正常河流三角洲沉积和扇三角洲沉积。