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131.
小区地表温度与下垫面结构关系研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以北京市为例,选取了商业区、学校、生活区和公园4种典型小区24个,基于遥感及GIS的方法反演地表温度,获取下垫面覆盖信息;研究了不同类型小区地表温度热场与下垫面结构的关系.结果表明:水体、绿地具有明显的降温功能,建筑地面则增温效果明显,这3种地表所占的面积比例与小区平均地表温度关系密切;在所选取的绿地结构指数中,对温度影响从大到小依次为绿地覆盖率、分离度、缀块平均面积、连通指数、形状指数和分维数,其中,分离度与温度呈现正相关,其它指数与温度呈负相关;在所有类型小区中,温度从高到低依次为商业区、学校、生活区和公园;公园的温度分布在所有类型小区中最分散,商业区最集中. 相似文献
132.
133.
Understanding the scale and frequency of physical processes that act upon and form the surface of the Earth is a fundamental goal of earth science. Here we determine the magnitudes of landslides that impact the landscape in terms of work, persistence, and formative events. A systematic analysis of rapid landsliding (the analysis did not consider creep and other slow semi-continuous processes) indicates that moderate-sized landslides do the most work transporting material on hillslopes. The work peak defines the moderate magnitude, and that magnitude varies based on local physiography and climate. Landslides that form the work peak are distinct from catastrophic landslides that are themselves formative and system resetting. The persistence time for debris slides/debris flows (PDS) and rock slides/rock avalanches (PRS) is calculated over six orders of magnitude. We consider an event catastrophic when it persists in the landscape, as described by a persistence ratio (PF), an order of magnitude longer than the population of landslides that form the work peak. 相似文献
134.
A comparative study of nutrient transfer via surface runoff from two small agricultural catchments in north China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A field study was conducted to determine the effect of landscape spatial pattern and micro-topography on nutrient transfer
via runoff from two catchments into Yuqiao Reservoir in north China. The surface runoff discharge was measured during rainfall
events and water samples were analyzed in 2004 and 2005. The mean annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exports
per unit area from Caogezhuang catchment (C catchment) were 1.048 and 0.561 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively, while the TN and TP exports from Taohuasi catchment (T catchment) were 0.158 and 0.027 kg ha−1 year−1. In both catchments, village and vineyard shared the highest nutrient export ability due to the accumulated animal waste
and heavy application of fertilizer and manure. In T catchment, the distance of village and vineyard was about 1,500 m away
from the receiving water and in between were woodland and cropland. In the hydrological pathway, there were sink landscape
structures of small stone dams, roadside swale, vegetated filter strip and dry ponds, which could detain water and nutrients.
In C catchment, the distance between the village and the receiving water was about 200 m, and the hydrological pathway was
compacted roads and ditches with no sink structures. It is suggested that the distance between the pollution source area and
the receiving water and the micro-topographical features were the main factors to control the great difference in nutrient
export rates. 相似文献
135.
Alexey Viktorov 《Mathematical Geology》2007,39(8):735-748
The estimation of the risk caused by hazardous geological processes is a common problem. The aim of this paper is to present
a method for solving problems involving a wide spectrum of diffuse exogenous geological processes, based on the mathematical
morphology of landscapes. Diffuse processes develop as random rounded sites within certain areas and include karstification,
subsidence, thermo-karstification and aeolian processes. Model assumptions take into consideration spatial and temporal randomness
of occurrence, independent growth under occasional conditions, and cessation of growth given a ‘stop factor’, with transformation
into degenerate sites. Based on these model assumptions, the following probabilities of impact by diffuse exogenous geological
processes are solved for analytically. Firstly, the probability of impact on engineering constructions of round shape given
the size of the diffuse processes and the known average impact risk; secondly, the probability of impact on small engineering
constructions (points); and lastly, the probability of impact on linear engineering constructions of specified length. The
computed impact probabilities are verified in various areas within Western Siberia. 相似文献
136.
Salvatore Grimaldi Fernando Nardi Francesco Di Benedetto Erkan Istanbulluoglu Rafael L. Bras 《Advances in water resources》2007
Spurious pits in digital elevation models (DEMs) are traditionally removed by filling depressions, often creating flat regions that lead to inaccurate estimation of landscape flow directions. In this study, a physical approach based on a simple landscape evolution model is proposed for DEM pit removal. This method, an alternative to traditional geometrical procedures, enforces more realistic slopes and flow directions on topography. The procedure is compared with the method most commonly used in the literature and distributed with commercial GIS software where, generally, elevations of a depression are increased up to the lowest value among neighbouring cells. Several tests are performed and parameters sensitivity is carried out in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model as compared to traditional methods. 相似文献
137.
The Lluta collapse of northern Chile is one of the oldest recognizable landslides (>2.5 Ma) in a hyperarid continental setting. This paper develops a conceptual landscape evolution model of the Lluta collapse and analyzes the controls of mass wasting and erosion/sediment transport in channels on the topographic development. The data presented here imply that high relief along a topographic scarp, surface fracturing, elevated groundwater table during a more humid climate and an aquitard underlying permeable ignimbrites are preparatory causal factors for landsliding >2.5 Ma ago. A strong seismic event then possibly resulted in the displacement of ca. 26 km3 of mass. Subsequent modification of the landslide scar occurred by backward erosion, resulting in the establishment of a dendritic drainage network and the removal of an additional ca. 24 km3 of material. It appears that this mass was produced by mass wasting in the headwaters, and exported by high-concentrated debris flows in channels. In addition, morphometric information suggest that whereas the geometrical development of the Lluta collapse has been controlled by gravitational mass wasting, the rates of the development of this geomorphic unit have been limited by the export rates of mass and hence by the transport capacity of the flows. 相似文献
138.
基于景观生态学的喀斯特生态脆弱区土地利用/覆被变化评价——以贵州猫跳河流域为例 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
通过运用遥感、地理信息系统以及全球卫星定位系统等技术手段,借助于景观生态学中的景观格局指数以及构建生态价值指数,对位于贵州中部典型喀斯特地区的猫跳河流域1973年以来的土地利用/覆被变化及其对整个区域生态环境状况的影响以及近30年来土地利用的合理性进行了评价。研究表明,在过去的30年间,研究区的土地覆被发生了显著的变化,并对区域的生态环境造成了深刻的影响。1973- 1990年,猫跳河流域的景观趋于破碎化,斑块总数从3 438个增加到3 619个,生态服务价值指数从3 626. 58降低到3 343. 47,土地利用具有明显的不可持续性; 1990- 2002年,猫跳河流域的景观破碎度降低,斑块数量从1990年的3 619个减少到3 312个,整个流域的生态服务指数从3 343. 47上升到3 738. 4,生态环境质量开始向好的方向发展。 相似文献
139.
广州市城市植被景观多样性分析 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
城市植被是城市的绿色生命线,对改善和美化城市景观生态环境起着重要的作用。言路在分析广州市植被景观现状的基础之上,应用景观生态学原理,结合具体情况和考虑研究的可操作性,选取多样性指数、优势度、分离度和破碎度四个指标,从景观的类型多术性、格局多样性和斑块多样性三个方面,对广州市城市植被景观进行多样性分析。结果表明,随着人类活动的加强,城市植被景观类型多样性降低,景观类型趋于单一;景观斑块多样性增大,嵌 相似文献
140.
Decline of traditional landscape in a protected area of the southwestern Alps: The fate of enclosed pasture patches in the land mosaic shift 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【Title】
【Author】
【Addresses】1
Traditional landscape elements such as pasture patches enclosed in a forest matrix are progressively disappearing throughout the European Alps. We assessed the land mosaic shift of a protected area located in the western Italian Alps. In particular, the dynamics of pasture patches were studied at both landscape and stand level. Land-cover mapping through object-oriented analysis of historical aerial photographs was used to assess land-cover changes between 1954 and 2000. Spatial statistics were used to quantify landscape patterns, and field samplings within pasture patches were used to explore tree regeneration structure and composition. Our results showed a significant increase in the number of pasture patches caused by their fragmentation following forest expansion. The total surface area of pasture patches decreased by 43% and their core area decreased by 94%. The encroachment of trees on less accessible areas of the pasture patches caused a reduction of patch shape at landscape scale. The gap filling process started 40-50 years ago and began with an early invasion of light demanding species like sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), followed by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and secondarily silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Traditional land-use and population decline in the Pesio Valley led to a reduction in ecotone areas. A transition to a more homogeneous landscape is expected in the next decades. Given the cultural and productive nature of these mountain meadow-pasture communities, extensive livestock grazing systems could be used to manage their future conservation. 相似文献
【Author】
【Addresses】1
Traditional landscape elements such as pasture patches enclosed in a forest matrix are progressively disappearing throughout the European Alps. We assessed the land mosaic shift of a protected area located in the western Italian Alps. In particular, the dynamics of pasture patches were studied at both landscape and stand level. Land-cover mapping through object-oriented analysis of historical aerial photographs was used to assess land-cover changes between 1954 and 2000. Spatial statistics were used to quantify landscape patterns, and field samplings within pasture patches were used to explore tree regeneration structure and composition. Our results showed a significant increase in the number of pasture patches caused by their fragmentation following forest expansion. The total surface area of pasture patches decreased by 43% and their core area decreased by 94%. The encroachment of trees on less accessible areas of the pasture patches caused a reduction of patch shape at landscape scale. The gap filling process started 40-50 years ago and began with an early invasion of light demanding species like sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), followed by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and secondarily silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Traditional land-use and population decline in the Pesio Valley led to a reduction in ecotone areas. A transition to a more homogeneous landscape is expected in the next decades. Given the cultural and productive nature of these mountain meadow-pasture communities, extensive livestock grazing systems could be used to manage their future conservation. 相似文献