Longitudinal variations of phytoplankton compositions in lake-to-river systems

To test the hypothesis of longitudinal variations in phytoplankton compositions from a eutrophic lake to its river downstream and determine the length of the transition zone, we applied functional groups as well as taxonomical methods to this coupled aquatic system, which is composed of the Dianchi Lake upstream and the Tanglang River downstream, by sampling at 9 stations during Microcystis blooms in the Dianchi Lake in 2013. The longitudinal variations in phytoplankton compositions from lacustrine species to fluvial species were reflected by: (1) the shift from Microcystis to Chlorococcales green algae and centric diatoms; (2) the shift from the dominance of codon M to the coexistence of a variety of coda without one outstanding codon; and (3) except for codon M, the shift from lacustrine coda (H1, L_O, T) towards coda that are adapted to both lacustrine and fluvial circumstances (MP, X1, X2). The prominent difference of phytoplankton compositions between the Dianchi Lake and the lower reaches of the Tanglang River revealed that there was a transition zone in between. The upper and middle reaches of the Tanglang River with a length of approximately 26.4 km were considered the transition zone because: (1) the dominant lentic codon M in the Dianchi Lake disappeared at the lower reaches of the river; (2) the amount of codon P that is sensitive to stratification rose at the beginning of the river; and (3) the codon T, which is well adapted to the persistently mixed layer or epilimnia of lakes, lost a large number of biomass at the upper and middle reaches of the Tanglang River. In this study, we found that the eutrophic lake had a significant influence on the river downstream. In addition, we found that functional groups were sensitive to the changes of external aquatic conditions and helpful in determining the length of the transition zone.     

Seasonal insect emergence from three different temperate lakes

Knowing the aquatic resources, such as emerging insects, that are entering terrestrial systems is important for food web and conservation studies, especially when water availability or quality is limited. Even though studies concerning benthic macroinvertebrates are numerous, insect emergence from lakes is less studied.To understand if water parameters (e.g., water temperature, oxygen concentration etc) determine insect emergence and the possible seasonal differences, we collected emergent insects from three different lakes in South Germany, during three seasons. We searched for common patterns of insect emergence at the three lakes. Moreover, the relative contribution of insects of aquatic origin to aerial flying arthropods was assessed, with collecting aerial flying arthropods at the shore.Chironomidae constituted the highest number of emerged insects in all lakes, however different patterns of emergence occurred in each lake (unimodal vs. bimodal) with different season-dependent times for the emergence peaks (spring, summer, beginning of autumn). Aquatic insects constituted a considerable proportion (at least 17%) of the aerial flying arthropods at the shore. The variation in insect emergence was explained by water temperature, however not by other water parameters or the nutrient values. Seasonal and spatial differences in insect emergence, should be considered when investigating aquatic-terrestrial interactions and designing conservation plans. A total biomass of up to 1.8 g m⁻² of emerging insects from the littoral zone of Lake Constance can enter the terrestrial system in a year. We also provide length-dry weight relationships for emerged (adult) Chironomidae. These equations are useful to estimate the dry insect biomass from length data and currently such data lack for adult aquatic insects.     

Establishing a high-resolution surface sediment chronology with multiple dating methods – Testing 137Cs determination with Nurmijärvi clastic-biogenic varves

The uppermost 50 cm of sediments from the 23 m deep lacustrine basin of Nurmijärvi, a lake in south-central Finland, are composed of the clastic-biogenic type of varves. We use multiple dating methods to render a sediment chronology that is as precise and accurate as possible for future paleoenvironmental research on this high-fidelity sedimentary archive. The 250-year-long varve chronology contains a chronological error of ±2%, as estimated based on repeated varve counts. The varve-based chronology was verified with the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs by comparing variations in the paleomagnetic relative declination of the surface sediments with instrumental observations and a calculated representation of declination features in Finland. A comparison of the sediment cesium content using two gamma counters, different sediment pretreatments, and normalization of the ¹³⁷Cs concentration with masses and accumulation rates of different sediment components revealed that the AD 1986 fallout peak from the Chernobyl accident is the dominant feature in the studied sediments, regardless of the sample pretreatment or normalizing procedure. The vertical distribution of the AD 1986 peak in sediments with clastic-biogenic varves is fairly narrow, thus providing an accurate age-depth marker for the recent deposits. However, the Nurmijärvi section also reveals a ca. 10-year-long period of catchment-to-basin ¹³⁷Cs mobilization and redeposition after the AD 1986 fallout, as well as significant downwards diffusion of the Chernobyl-derived cesium in the sediment. This study highlights the ways in which the quality of surface sediment chronology needs to be considered and secured prior to comparisons between paleoproxy records and instrumental observations.     

Hydrological effects of water management measures in the Dovinė River basin,Lithuania

Abstract

Lake ?uvintas, located in southern Lithuania in the Dovin? River basin, is one of the largest lakes and oldest nature reserves in the country. However, changes in the hydrology of the Dovin? River basin, caused by large-scale land reclamation and water management works carried out in the 20th century, have resulted in a significant decrease in the biodiversity of the lake and surrounding wetlands. In order to halt the ongoing deterioration of the lake and wetlands, solutions have to be found at the basin level. Using the SIMGRO model, various measures were therefore analysed to evaluate their impact on the water management in the Dovin? River basin. The results show that it is impossible to fully restore the water dynamics and flow pattern in the Dovin? River to their original state. However, a good measure for improving the hydrological conditions is to block drainage ditches and remove bushes and trees from the wetlands.     

Geochemistry of the High Dam Lake sediments,south Egypt： implications for environmental significance

The goal of the present work is to perform a geochemical assessment of High Dam Lake bottom sediments for determining the fate, dispersion and levels of trace elements causing environmental pollution, and provided an access to their probable sources. The sediment samples were analyzed using ICP-MS for 20 elements; Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta Th Ti, T1, U, V and Zr, and their obtained data were treated using statistical, graphical and mapping techniques. The results showed the data set of all analyzed elements affected by outliers and extreme values that caused deviation away from normality. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that median of some trace element levels in Lake sediments, was not significantly different and other elements rejected the Null hypothesis. Most analyzed elements had high values of median and mean in sediments of Lake Nubia rather than Lake Nasser and their normalization gave the same results of calculated environment factors. Subsequently, Lake Nubia sediments possessed high combined EF levels ofTh, Sc, Sn, Ag, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sr, U, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn, causing significant contamination, which was great potentially related to industrial, agricultural, urbanization and mining activities. Whereas, combined EF of Se, Cu, Ga, Pb, Ba, Rb, and Tl, which are highly elevated in southern Lake Nasser sediments owing to their source are great possibly derived from Lake Nubia and geogenic activities. With decreasing distance towards the High Dam body, the contaminant elements were diminished due to reduction in the environmental factors and Sudanese pollution sources leading to the northern Lake Nasser considered to be less contaminated. Overall, the present study is an environmental alert for contaminated sediments that carried contaminants and considered the secondary source of pollution impact on ecosystem, and subsequently, their environmental risk on Human health.     

基于快速城市化的饮用水系统适应能力评估——以江苏省太湖地区为例

江苏省环太湖地区快速城市化和工业化加剧饮用水危机,整合研究水源地、供水、用水、排污处理和技术5个方面对于支撑该地区可持续发展的适应能力,对揭示饮用水供需关系、存在问题、部门协调与综合决策等具有现实意义.本文以构建5个子系统适应能力指标体系为主线,通过分指数与综合指数评价的运算,得出研究地区饮用水系统适应能力等级水平、地域分异特征及影响因素分析;针对各子系统存在问题,提出维护和提升适应能力的对策措施.研究表明,适应能力较强的地区占总面积29.1%,其5个子系统适应能力均较强.适应能力中等地区占41.2%,一类是各子系统适应能力基本均等,另一类是排污处理子系统适应能力较强,但用水子系统得分较低.适应能力较差地区占29.7%,主要是技术子系统分值低,其它子系统适应能力处于中等偏下.因此需加大对各子系统适应能力的调控与提升.     

Predicting Diel,Diurnal and Nocturnal Dynamics of Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll‐a Using Regression Models and Neural Networks

Human‐induced and natural interruptions with continuous streams of observational data necessitate the development of gap‐filling and prediction strategies towards better understanding, monitoring and management of aquatic systems. This study quantified the efficacy of multiple non‐linear regression (MNLR) versus artificial neural network (ANN) models as well as the temporal partitioning of diurnal versus nocturnal data for the predictions of chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics. The temporal partitioning increased the predictive performances of the best MNLR models of diurnal DO by 45% and nocturnal DO by 4%, relative to the best diel MNLR model of diel DO ($r_{{\rm adj}}^{2} = 68.8\%$ ). The ANN‐based predictions had a higher predictive power than the MNLR‐based predictions for both chl‐a and DO except for diurnal DO dynamics. The best ANNs based on independent validations were multilayer perceptron (MLP) for diel chl‐a, generalized feedforward (GFF) for diurnal and nocturnal chl‐a, MLP for diel DO, GFF for diurnal DO, and MLP for nocturnal DO.     

气温对太湖蓝藻复苏和休眠进程的影响

利用2005 2014年每日的卫星数据、气象站和浮标站观测资料研究复苏期和休眠期的平均气温、稳定通过界限温度初终日、周有效积温与太湖蓝藻休眠和复苏时间的关系,探讨气温是否是影响蓝藻休眠和复苏时间进程的关键因子.分析结果显示:太湖蓝藻复苏早晚与春季(3 5月)气温密切相关,春季气温越高,蓝藻复苏时间越早;太湖蓝藻休眠时间与秋、冬季(11次年1月)气温密切相关,秋、冬季气温越高,蓝藻休眠时间越晚.此外根据分析结果发现,太湖首次出现蓝藻水华的时间一般是气温稳定通过9℃初日之后的1个月左右,但上一周期的休眠与下一周期的复苏之间气温异常偏高会导致蓝藻水华首次出现时间早于稳定通过9℃初日;最后一次蓝藻水华出现时间与气温稳定通过4℃的终日相近;在复苏期,湖水中的叶绿素a浓度随周有效积温变化而变化,二者相关系数为0.9.     

内蒙古察干淖尔盐湖29-8ka时段的湖面波动

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗的察干淖尔盐湖为研究对象,利用OSL(Optically Stimulated Luminescence)测年技术和DEM(Digital Elevation Model)数字高程模型,重建湖面波动历史,探讨湖泊形成与环境变化过程.通过对察干淖尔盐湖周边大量的野外考察,发现湖泊周围存在海拔高程为1020、978和973 m的三级古湖岸阶地,其OSL测年结果分别为29.2±1.3、18.4±0.8及8.2 8.0 ka.通过湖岸阶地高程恢复的上述3个时期的古湖面积分别为3600、500和400 km~2.与现今的干旱盐湖景观迥然不同.     

安徽太平湖浮游植物群落结构

安徽太平湖已被列入国家第二批生态环境保护专项.于2012年11月到2014年10月对太平湖浮游植物进行调查,共鉴定出浮游植物109属150种.其中绿藻门最多,共计46属80种,占总种数的53.33%.黄藻门未在镜检中出现,团藻在3个样品中出现;浮游植物丰度平均值为212.81×10~4cells/L,生物量平均值为1.04 mg/L.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为2.17和0.61.优势种共4门17种,其中O-寡污带指示藻1种,P-多污带指示藻4种,其余12种藻类均为β-中污带指示藻,啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)和尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)未成为优势种,太平湖优势门类为硅藻和蓝藻;2013和2014年变化表明,太平湖浮游植物群落结构有变化但变幅不大,浮游植物群落结构处于比较稳定的状态;浮游植物聚类分析表明,夏、秋季太平湖浮游植物群落结构相似,H1、H2和H3采样点浮游植物群落结构相似,H4和H5采样点浮游植物群落结构相似;相关性分析表明,丰度、生物量与水温呈极显著正相关,丰度、生物量与透明度呈极显著负相关,水质指标的变化会直接影响到浮游植物的变动,并伴随太平湖水库生态系统的相关复杂变化和生态学过程.