卫星信息在垂直气候特征值空间分布数据库中的应用

本文提出了利用遥感影像与常规数据建立垂直气候特征数据库的方法,给出了气候遥感模拟方程及小地形订正方法。初步讨论了NOAA-AVHRR热红外数据与气候特征值是否存在相关。     

碳酸盐岩孔隙度预测新方法在珠江口盆地的应用

孔隙度是油气勘探中储层预测、储层描述、储量估算和油气藏综合研究的一个重要评价参数,它的准确求取是一项非常重要的关键性技术。碳酸盐岩非均质性强,横向变化大,其孔隙度预测一直是个难题。常规方法对孔隙度进行计算存在精度不高、物理意义不明确等问题,常常不能满足油气勘探开发需求。因此,通过对Gassmann方程合理简化并引入Eshelby—Walsh干燥岩石椭球包体近似公式,推导出包含岩石孔隙结构参数、饱和岩石压缩系数与岩石基质压缩系数3个参数的计算孔隙度新公式,然后通过测井交汇图技术和叠前弹性参数反演技术,将其转化为与碳酸盐岩孔隙结构和纵横波速度、密度有关的具体计算公式。同时考虑到不同相带对碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构的影响,故分相带对新方法进行了应用。结果表明,基于碳酸盐岩孔隙结构的孔隙度预测方法的精度高于常规方法。     

Waxman-Smith方程在生油岩评价中的应用:重叠法和双孔隙度法

提出了两种新的生油岩测井评价方法，即基于砂泥岩导电机理，借助泥质砂岩导电方程：Ｗａｘｍａｎ－Ｓｍｉｔｈ方程计算含水泥岩电阻率Ｒ０值及生油岩的电阻率孔隙度Ｒ．然后用实测Ｒｔ减去Ｒ０值，其差值反映了生油岩的有机质丰度（即重叠法）；用三孔隙度测井计算的生油岩总孔隙度Ｔ，减去电阻率孔隙度Ｒ，其差值也反映了生油岩的有机质丰度（即双孔隙度法）．该方法的最大优点是在现场缺少生油岩实验室分析样品时可以快速评价生油岩的有机质丰度。     

随机扩散水质模型研究

考虑湖泊中影响总磷沉积过程的众多生态因子的变化过程,假定湖泊中总磷沉积过程由标准布朗运动驱动,建立了一个总磷浓度的随机扩散方程,推广确定性富营养化Vollenweider水质模型为随机扩散模型,获得了总磷浓度过程的解析解,进而求出了总磷浓度过程的均值和方差,指出了一种依据沉积系数调控湖泊中总磷浓度的方法。模型被应用于巢湖总磷浓度过程的模拟。     

基于有限差分原理的预应力锚索抗滑桩改进计算方法

针对现有预应力锚索抗滑桩计算模型及其相应计算理论存在的问题,基于有限差分法的原理,提出了改进的锚索桩计算模型并进行了详细的理论推导。根据实际的施工和受力过程,该模型包括预应力施加和滑坡推力作用两个阶段,通过滑坡推力分布形式的改进和桩锚协调变形方程的修正来真实反映预应力锚索抗滑桩的主动式受力特点。同时利用Matlab编制成相应的计算程序进行算例验证,并同目前普遍采用的计算理论进行对比分析。结果表明,该改进计算方法及其相应的计算程序充分考虑了预应力施加这一锚索桩特有的过程所带来的影响,且在计算中不必将锚索拉力等效为在桩顶处施加的剪力和弯矩。另外还可对桩前滑面以上存在任意厚度滑体和任意复杂地基条件的情况进行合理地设计计算,相对于目前已有的计算理论,该改进方法更加合理、可靠。     

基于改进Bingham模型的软岩参数非定常三维非线性黏弹塑性蠕变本构研究

传统线性元件组合模型难以描述岩石非线性加速蠕变阶段特性,给工程应用带来了巨大困难。提出一种新的应变触发非线性黏壶元件,并将其与Bingham模型串联,建立了可以描述岩石等速和加速蠕变特性的一维本构模型,进而推导出相应的三维蠕变本构模型,再将三轴压缩过程中岩石弹性模量的衰减方程引入该三维蠕变本构方程,得到一个能反映岩石蠕变全过程特性的三维非线性黏弹塑蠕变本构模型,根据泥岩蠕变试验数据对该模型参数进行了辨识。模型理论计算值与泥岩蠕变试验数据的对比表明改进的Bingham模型不仅可以充分反映软岩的等速蠕变特性,还可以很好地描述软岩的衰减和加速蠕变规律,且模型元件少,组合形式简单,为软岩非线性蠕变本构模型研究提供了新的借鉴。     

A simple parameterization of bulk canopy resistance from climatic variables for estimating hourly evapotranspiration

This paper examines a model for estimating canopy resistance r_c and reference evapotranspiration ET_o on an hourly basis. The experimental data refer to grass at two sites in Spain with semiarid and windy conditions in a typical Mediterranean climate. Measured hourly ET_o values were obtained over grass during a 4 year period between 1997 and 2000 using a weighing lysimeter (Zaragoza, northeastern Spain) and an eddy covariance system (Córdoba, southern Spain). The present model is based on the Penman–Monteith (PM) approach, but incorporates a variable canopy resistance r_c as an empirical function of the square root of a climatic resistance r* that depends on climatic variables. Values for the variable r_c were also computed according to two other approaches: with the r_c variable as a straight‐line function of r* (Katerji and Perrier, 1983, Agronomie 3 (6): 513–521) and as a mechanistic function of weather variables as proposed by Todorovic (1999, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE 125 (5): 235–245). In the proposed model, the results show that r_c/r_a (where r_a is the aerodynamic resistance) presents a dependence on the square root of r*/r_a, as the best approach with empirically derived global parameters. When estimating hourly ET_o values, we compared the performance of the PM equation using those estimated variable r_c values with the PM equation as proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization, with a constant r_c = 70 s m^?1. The results confirmed the relative robustness of the PM method with constant r_c, but also revealed a tendency to underestimate the measured values when ET_o is high. Under the semiarid conditions of the two experimental sites, slightly better estimates of ET_o were obtained when an estimated variable r_c was used. Although the improvement was limited, the best estimates were provided by the Todorovic and the proposed methods. The proposed approach for r_c as a function of the square root of r* may be considered as an alternative for modelling r_c, since the results suggest that the global coefficients of this locally calibrated relationship might be generalized to other climatic regions. It may also be useful to incorporate the effects of variable canopy resistances into other climatic and hydrological models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corrections to Solar Thermal Structure when a Turbulent Magnetic Field is Included

Correction of non-ideal effect due to a magnetic fluctuating tensor is derived from the ideal MHD equations. The inclusion of a magnetic turbulent field leads to modifications of the hydrostatic equilibrium equation and thermodynamical variables such as the temperature T, the adiabatic exponent γ, the adiabatic temperature gradient △↓ad and the temperature gradient △↓. In particular, the modifications in the adiabatic and radiative temperature gradients will result in a change in the Schwarzchild criterion, hence in the location of the base of the convective zone. Incorporating the modifications, we construct a modified thermodynamical equilibrium structure of the Sun.     

Topographic zonation of infiltration in the hilly loess region,north china

Field infiltration tests using portable rainfall infiltrometers were conducted in the Wangjiagou experimental basin in the hilly loess region of north China. Based on data collected at 27 sites, a topographic zonation of infiltration characteristics was observed. The average steady infiltration rate and the average ponding time decreased from the hilltop to the hillslope and further decreased to the gully wall. Such a zonation is closely related to the variations of topography, soil and land use conditions in the study area. A general infiltration model is proposed. Collected field data are used to establish the applicability of the proposed model in the study area.     

On the equation of state for the Λ field

The recently detected accelerated expansion of the Universe is related to the existence of a new type of matter called the Λ field or quintessence. Constraints were obtained on its equation of state from the absence of clustering of this matter on scales much smaller than the cosmological horizon. The question of how these constraints affect the possibility of fitting the accelerated expansion by such cosmological models as the Chaplygin gas model is discussed.