澄江动物群的核心价值:动物界成型和人类基础器官诞生

澄江动物群以富含多门类精美软躯体构造化石享誉学界,是寒武纪大爆发主幕的见证者;它亲眼目睹了地球动物树上几乎所有主要门类祖先的首次大聚会。对该动物群30多年的大规模调查研究大体上可以划分为3个阶段。始自1984年的第一个10年(1984—1994年),早期动物树上的基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界的大量门类被发现,然而对后口动物亚界全然无知。第二个10年研究(1995—2005年),基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界中的更多门类被发现;而最重要的进展,是西北大学团队主导的早期后口动物大发现使后口动物亚界的基本框架被构建,由此地球三分动物树首次成型。第三个10年及其以后时期(2005年之后),3个动物亚界中进一步添加了一些新的门类认知;综合20世纪40年代以来对埃迪卡拉生物群、寒武纪第一世和第二世的珍稀动物群研究成果,学界开始思考三分动物树分步成型与多幕式寒武纪大爆发事件的内在关联,提出了三幕式寒武纪大爆发新假说。澄江动物群研究具有多方面的科学价值,包括动物群结构研究,生态环境研究等,然其核心学术价值主要集中在如下两个方面:(1)作为寒武纪大爆发的主幕见证者,澄江动物群首次创建了地球上三分动物树的完整谱系框架。三幕式寒武纪大爆发假说揭示了地球上动物门类由低等到高等、分阶段爆发创造的本质内涵,即历时约0.4亿年的三幕式寒武纪大爆发与动物树阶段性快速成型的内在耦合性。第一幕发生于埃迪卡拉纪晚期,它诞生了众多基础动物亚界门类(包括大量绝灭门类),也可能出现了少量原口动物的先驱分子;第二幕发生于寒武纪的第一世,除了延续基础动物门类的繁盛外,更创生了原口动物亚界里的主要门类(包括蜕皮类和触手担轮类);第三幕发生于寒武纪第二世(以澄江动物群为代表),不仅延续了基础动物和原口动物门类的兴盛,更重要的是诞生了后口动物亚界里的所有门类。至此,整个三分动物树的框架成型,寒武纪大爆发创新事件宣告基本结束。文章还对几个重要动物类群的生物学属性进行了评述。第一鱼昆明鱼目是已知唯一的最古老脊椎动物,而云南虫、海口虫既不是脊椎动物(即高等脊索动物),也不属于低等脊索动物,而是一类特殊的低等后口动物;长江海鞘是可信的始祖尾索动物,它支持了经典的尾索动物起源假说;古虫动物门首创鳃裂构造,对后口动物亚界的起源探索提供了关键信息。(2)澄江动物群具有深刻的人文哲学意义,所发现的古虫动物门创造的“第一鳃裂”,昆明鱼目创造的“第一头脑”“第一脊椎”“第一心脏”,为达尔文在《人类的由来》中关于人类的主要基础器官起源悬案的破解提供了关键证据。澄江动物群承上启下,其各种形态解剖学信息对解读埃迪卡拉生物群以及寒武纪相关化石库中绝大多数生物类型都具有重要的参考价值。     

“分形-视距”（FVD）多分辨率纹理生成及组织方法

纹理数据是三维建筑模型中的重要组成部分,通常会消耗大量的内存,导致模型较难实现流畅稳定的动态可视化。针对这个问题,本文提出了一种面向三维模型可视化的“分形-视距”（FVD）多分辨率纹理生成及纹理组织方法。该方法首先利用分形对纹理进行压缩并将其存入纹理数据库,然后按照视距及目标立面的可见性情况创建和组织对应纹理：当视距符合纹理调用条件且目标立面可见时,根据不同视距,执行多分辨率纹理创建,按照各类三维模型数据间的属性关系建立索引,存入关系数据库;当视距不符合纹理调用条件但该立面又可见时,利用纹理分割算法创建颜色纹理树,将节点合并表示立面纹理。最后根据变化的视角和距离调用相应纹理,实现三维模型的动态流畅可视化。本文选择山东省济南市历下区作为研究区域,使用的纹理数据共5290幅。实验结果表明,与3ds Max、SketchUp Pro相比,本文提出的方法减少内存占用分别约为36.5%和49.1%,帧速率提高约7%和10.9%,极大地提高了大场景三维模型可视化的渲染效率和速率。本文提出的方法在三维建筑模型渲染效率和视觉质量之间取得了很好的平衡,这一问题的改善将为建立智慧城市提供快速有效的科学支撑。     

天津地区养殖鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)鲤浮肿病毒(CEV)PCR检测与人工感染试验

对2015—2016年天津地区鲤鱼养殖场采集的发生鲤浮肿病毒(CEV)/锦鲤睡眠病(KSD)的鲤鱼样品,进行套式PCR检测和人工浸泡感染试验,并测定养成期鲤鱼感染率。实验观察研究发现,所采集样品均表现为体色发黑,头部上方颅骨软组织周围皱缩,眼球凹陷,鳃粘脏,黏液较多,常滞游于浅水区水面。套式PCR检测结果显示全部10个样品均出现特异性目的条带,为CEV阳性。目的产物测序后经NCBI BLAST,与已报道的CEV相关序列相似性介于85%—99%;系统发育树分析显示样品编号JY1856与JY1650位于同一分支,与已知CEV病毒株亲缘关系较近,而其余8个样品位于同一分支,与已知CEV病毒株亲缘关系较远。通过人工浸泡感染健康鲤鱼,半数致死时间为55d,累计死亡率为71.1%±3.2%,并从试验感染鱼组织中检测到CEV病毒DNA。养成期鲤鱼CEV携带率为77.5%。以上结果表明,天津地区养殖鲤鱼中存在CEV感染,揭示了我国鲤鱼养殖产业可能面临新的疫情,需引起养殖业的高度重视。     

基于LKH树和拉格朗日插值多项式的会议密钥分发方案

会议密钥的管理与分发是设计安全网络会议系统的关键问题之一。利用基于拉格朗日插值多项式的会议密钥分发方案,借鉴逻辑密钥层次树结构设计了1种会议密钥分发方案。在每次举行会议时,会议主席根据用户树计算参会者子树,利用参会者子树的根结点公钥构造拉格朗日插值多项式。减少了会议主席构造拉格朗日插值多项式的次数和计算开销。特别地,对构造的会议系统,当参会者的人数超过一定数目时,会议主席构造拉格朗日插值多项式的次数会随着参会者人数的增加而减少。另外,每个用户的私钥保持不变,避免了用户私钥的更新过程。     

基于信息熵的遥感影像特征离散化方法

利用信息熵方法对遥感影像的光谱特征进行离散化,根据信息熵的准则函数,寻找断点,对属性进行区间分割,以提高数据处理效率。并用决策树方法对多光谱遥感影像进行分类,通过对比离散化前后的分类效果分析离散化对多光谱遥感影像分类的影响,实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

林木多样性模型及生长模拟

林木生存环境复杂多变,导致林木形态千差万别,为了准确描述林木的形态多样性特征,提出了一种基于模型分解的林木生长模拟方法。首先构建多样性林木三维模型,使用林木形态的实际测量数据,基于B样条函数约束树干、树冠形态,依据削度方程模拟树干直径的变化趋势,利用Direct3D实现林木形态的三维建模;其次,按林木形态特征进行林木模型分解,将林木模型分为9个子模型;最后,使用场景节点按照拓扑结构关系对子模型进行动态组织,基于胸径、树高、枝下高、冠高和冠幅生长模型,使用多核CPU多线程并行的计算方式,获得各年龄阶段林木东、南、西、北方向形态参数,从而对子模型生长状态进行控制,实现林木不同方向生长变化的可视化模拟。结果表明：该方法可将林木三维模型与生长模型紧密结合起来,林木各方向的枝下高、冠高和冠幅严格按照生长模型进行生长,可有效模拟出林木各方向生长状态的多样性;三维场景渲染帧率（FPS）保持在25以上,平均FPS可以达到50,实现林木生长的方向异质性模拟。     

Comparative analysis of predictive methods for drought durations: a case of monthly and annual streamflow droughts in Atlantic Canada

Methods based on the recursive probability, the extreme number theorem, and Markov chain (MC) concepts were applied to predict drought lengths (duration) on the standardized (termed as standardized hydrological index, SHI) sequences of monthly and annual river flows from Atlantic Canada. Results of the study indicated that the MC-based method is the most efficient, reliable and versatile method for predicting drought durations followed by the extreme-number-based method. The recursive-probability-based method was found to be computationally intensive and less efficient, although it provided a powerful means for calibrating the empirical plotting position formula needed in the MC-based method. The Weibull plotting position formula turned out to be a suitable measure of the exceedance probability in MC methodology for predicting drought lengths in Atlantic Canada. Based on results, it can be inferred that the MC-based method can be extended to MC2 and higher-order chains for predicting drought lengths on SHI sequences. The predictive capability of the extreme-number-theorem-based method is limited only to independent or weakly first-order persistent SHI sequences.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR Q. Zhang     

How important is groundwater availability and stream perenniality to riparian and floodplain tree growth?

Riparian vegetation is important for stream functioning and as a major landscape feature. For many riparian plants, shallow groundwater is an important source of water, particularly in areas where rainfall is low, either annually or seasonally, and when extended dry conditions prevail for all or part of the year. The nature of tree water relationships is highly complex. Therefore, we used multiple lines of evidence to determine the water sources used by the dominant tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum), growing in riparian and floodplain areas with varying depth to groundwater and stream perenniality. Dendrometer bands were used to measure diel, seasonal, and annual patterns of tree water use and growth. Water stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) in plant xylem, soil water, and groundwater were measured to determine spatial and temporal patterns in plant water source use. Our results indicated riparian trees located on relatively shallow groundwater had greater growth rates, larger diel responses in stem diameter, and were less reactive to extended dry periods, than trees in areas of deep groundwater. These results were supported by isotope analysis that suggested all trees used groundwater when soil water stores were depleted at the end of the dry season, and this was most pronounced for trees with shallow groundwater. Trees may experience more frequent periods of water deficit stress and undergo reduced productivity in scenarios where water table accessibility is reduced, such as drawdown from groundwater pumping activities or periods of reduced rainfall recharge. The ability of trees to adapt to changing groundwater conditions may depend on the speed of change, the local hydrologic and soil conditions as well as the species involved. Our results suggest that E. camaldulesis growing at our study site is capable of utilizing groundwater even to depths >10 m, and stream perenniality is likely to be a useful indicator of riparian tree use of groundwater.     

Identifying the relationships between trophic states and their driving factors in the Shihmen Reservoir,Taiwan

Eutrophication has become a crucial issue for water resource management in recent years. In addition, reservoir trophic states are varied with environmental and water quality variables. The objectives of this study were to apply the DFA model to examine which water quality variables significantly affect variations of trophic state index (TSI) factors (i.e. total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and Secchi disk transparency (SD)) and use classification and regression tree (CART) to determine the trophic states of the Shinmen Reservoir based on the levels of TSI factors during spring 2001–winter 2009. Results showed that the optimal DFA model contained one common trend (the underlying processes influencing trophic states, which can be rainfall intensity or runoff volume) and 7 explanatory variables. Turbidity (TB), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) influence concentrations of TP, while ammonium nitrogen (NH₃-N), organic nitrogen (O-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) control variations of Chl-a, and TB is related to SD. The CART model can specify trophic states only using two dominant driving factors, i.e. TP and Chl-a. The results of the CART illustrated that eutrophication could be occurred in the Shihmen Reservoir if TP is greater than 31.65 μg/L or if Chl-a is greater than 5.95 μg/L while TP concentration is less than 31.65 μg/L. Runoff nonpoint source pollution resulted from heavy storms may be the important factor affecting reservoir trophic states. Establishing vegetative filter strips along the riparian zone may able to effectively reduce this pollution in a reservoir. The integrated DFA and CART serves as good-fit relationships among trophic states, TSI factors, and water quality variables and provide control strategies for managing water quality in the Shihmen Reservoir.     

三维复杂速度模型中地震事件震源轨迹的计算

地球内部三维速度图像的广泛建立为进行高精度的地震定位提供了良好条件.使用震源轨迹确定震源位置不仅稳健而且直观,但三维复杂速度模型中的震源轨迹难以给出解析解.为此,本文提出了一种较准确地计算三维复杂速度模型中震源轨迹的数值方法.根据震源轨迹在残差场中的特点：（1）震源轨迹位于残差正负极性彼此不同的邻点之间;（2）绝对梯度在震源轨迹的法线方向最大;（3）在法线方向上越靠近震源轨迹残差绝对值越小,对于每个模型节点分别和残差正负极性与其不同的邻点组成的点对,将其中绝对梯度最大的点对作为震源轨迹法线点对,选取法线点对中残差绝对值较小的点（即震源轨迹所在模型单元的节点）作为震源轨迹代表点;在绝对残差场中数值较小的连通区域（可能有多个）内,利用最小走时树算法依次计算出每个连通区域中地震波从绝对残差最小点至同一连通区域内震源轨迹代表点的射线路径作为震源轨迹.算例表明：本文方法适用于三维复杂速度模型,对震源轨迹的稳定性及构成段数没有限制,计算的震源轨迹精细且较完整、可用于高精度的地震定位.