青海湖近千年来气候环境变化的湖泊沉积记录

本文通过对青藏高原上所钻取的古里雅冰芯和青海都兰树轮高分辨率气候变化记录的对比,分析了过去近2 000a来的气候变化特征.结果表明:1)这两个地区过去2 000a来温度都在波动中逐渐上升,展示了气候逐渐变暖的趋势.进入20世纪以来,气候显著变暖,并有加速变暖的趋势;2)树轮和冰芯均明显地记录了小冰期的3次冷期,其出现的时间基本上一致.小冰期并不是过去2 000a来的最寒冷的时期.冰芯和树轮记录均表明公元初的寒冷程度要大于小冰期;3)古里雅冰芯所记录的温度和降水量揭示出,过去近2 000a来的降水和温度变化的总趋势是正相关关系;但在短时间尺度上,温度和降水的变化并不同步.这主要表现在两个方面,一是温度长期变化中的低频波动频率要大于降水,二是虽然温度和降水的变化在百年级时间尺度上有正相关性,但降水的变化要滞后于温度变化50～100a;4)同时周期分析表明,古里雅冰芯中的δ180和积累量以及都兰树轮记录的变化周期大多数与太阳活动有关,表明青藏高原地区冷、暖、干、湿变化的主要驱动力可能是太阳活动的变化;5)对这两记录的对比研究也揭示了气候变化的区域差异.如中世纪暖期在都兰树轮记录中很强而在古里雅冰芯记录中很弱,而都兰树轮记录中,中世纪暖期以后至1 800A.D.在波动中变冷,但在古里雅冰芯记录中这一时期在波动中变暖.     

考虑生活史的太湖沉水植物优势种遥感监测

水生植物是浅水湖泊的重要类群,也是湖泊环境变化的指示物,快速监测水生植物的时空分布对湖泊生态修复和管理具有重要的指导意义.基于多时相环境星影像,构建太湖水生植物分类决策树模型,将太湖水生植物分成挺水、浮叶和沉水植物3种类别,结合沉水植物优势种生活史特征,提出了一种考虑生活史信息的太湖沉水植物优势种遥感监测方法,并对太湖7大沉水植物优势种进行时空监测.通过2013年7、8和9月野外调查样点验证,3期遥感影像分类后总的精度分别为83.04%、81.82%和85.47%,2013年太湖沉水植物优势种总体识别精度为62.20%.提出的水生植物遥感分类及沉水植物优势种识别方法为太湖管理部门开展水草打捞和生态修复提供依据和参考,同时为研究太湖沉水植物的历史变迁奠定基础.     

基于影像多种特征的CART决策树分类方法及其应用

以扬州市宝应县为研究区,采用主成分分析法对研究区影像进行数据压缩和单波段数据增强,利用灰度共生矩阵分析第一主成分的纹理信息。运用基于CART算法的决策树分类方法,选用影像的光谱特征值、NDVI值以及纹理统计量值为测试变量,并通过计算确定决策树的节点规则,提取影像中主要地物信息。将分类结果与单纯依靠光谱特征的监督分类法结果相比较,表明基于影像多种特征的CART决策树分类方法分类精度较高,尤其较好地提取了围网养殖区和建设用地。     

控制网最小独立闭合环搜索算法研究

论述了控制网中最小独立闭合环搜索的两种算法：基于生成树的算法和基于迭代加深搜索的算法,在理论上进行了推导,并结合实际算例,对两种算法进行了比较,得出了在某些情况下,后一种算法搜索结果不是太稳定,前一种算法搜索结果稳定的结论。     

采用高山松最大密度重建川西高原1917-2002年夏季气温

Having analyzed the tree ring width and maximum latewood density of Pinus den-sata from west Sichuan, we obtained different climate information from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density chronology. The growth of tree ring width was responded princi-pally to the precipitation in current May, which might be influenced by the activity of southwest monsoon, whereas the maximum latewood density reflected summer temperature (June-September). According to the correlation relationship, a transfer function had been used to reconstruct summer temperature for the study area. The explained variance of re-construction is 51% (F=-52.099, p<0.0001). In the reconstruction series: before the 1930s, the climate was relatively cold, and relatively warm from 1930 to 1960, this trend was in accor-dance with the cold-warm period of the last 100 years, west Sichuan. Compared with Chengdu, the warming break point in west Sichuan is 3 years ahead of time, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau was more sensitive to temperature change. There was an evident sum-mer warming signal after 1983. Although the last 100-year running average of summer tem-perature in the 1990s was the maximum, the running average of the early 1990s was below the average line and it was cold summer, but summer drought occurred in the late 1990s.     

雪岭云杉树轮宽度对气候变化的响应

利用新疆伊犁地区雪岭云杉的6个树轮宽度年表 ,通过相关分析的方法,分析不同地形条件下雪岭云杉树轮宽度对于气候要素的响应。统计分析表明,雪岭云杉对气候变化比较敏感,在北天山南坡的森林下限,雪岭云杉生长与生长季7~8月降水关系显著;在南天山北坡的森林下限,雪岭云杉生长对生长季前11-次年1月最低温度存在显著正相关。地形对雪岭云杉与气候要素之间的关系影响较大,在南天山北坡,由于森林上下限树木抗寒性的差异,森林下限树木生长对温度的响应强于上限树木;南北坡引起的降水量水平的差异,使得天山不同坡向的树木生长响应不同的气候要素。     

基于SPOT影像与Fragstats软件的区域景观指数提取与分析

景观指数是衡量区域景观质量的重要参数,也是进行区域生态规划、管理和恢复的重要信息依据。针对传统已有的矢量地图信息源及Excel、SPSS软件在景观指数计算中存在的不足和不便之处,研究了在ENVI4．2下,基于高分辨率SPOT-5遥感影像的自动景观分类及Fragstats3．3软件支持下的景观指数自动提取的计算方法,以屈原农场为例进行了实验研究,制作了景观现状图和计算部分景观指数。实验表明：该方法对景观质量的评价信息获取效率高、时效性强,通过快速分析与评价手段,可以大大地促进区域进行规划、管理和恢复的科学性和可操作性。     

The Multiscale TROPIcal CatchmentS critical zone observatory M-TROPICS dataset II: Land use,hydrology and sediment production monitoring in Houay Pano,northern Lao PDR

Mountain regions of the humid tropics are characterized by steep slopes and heavy rains. These regions are thus prone to both high surface runoff and soil erosion. In Southeast Asia, uplands are also subject to rapid land-use change, predominantly as a result of increased population pressure and market forces. Since 1998, the Houay Pano site, located in northern Lao PDR (19.85°N 102.17°E) within the Mekong basin, aims at assessing the long-term impact of the conversion of traditional slash-and-burn cultivation systems to commercial perennial monocultures such as teak tree plantations, on the catchment hydrological response and sediment yield. The instrumented site monitors hydro-meteorological and soil loss parameters at both microplot (1 m²) and small catchment (0.6 km²) scales. The monitored catchment is part of the network of critical zone observatories named Multiscale TROPIcal CatchmentS (M-TROPICS). The data shared by M-TROPICS in Houay Pano are (1) rainfall, (2) air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, and global radiation, (3) catchment land use, (4) stream water level, suspended particulate matter, bed particulate matter and stones, (5) soil surface features, and (6) soil surface runoff and soil detachment. The dataset has already been used to interpret suspended particulate matter and bed particulate matter sources and dynamics, to assess the impact of land-use change on catchment hydrology, soil erosion, and sediment yields, to understand bacteria fate and weed seed transport across the catchment, and to build catchment-scale models focused on hydrology and water quality issues. The dataset may be further used to, for example, assess the role of headwater catchments in large tropical river basin hydrology, support the interpretation of new variables measured in the catchment (e.g., contaminants other than faecal bacteria), and assess the relative impacts of both climate and land-use change on the catchment.     

基于追踪数据的全球中尺度涡旋偶极子自动识别方法

海洋中的涡旋在传播过程中相互吸引并以偶极子的形式进行传播是一种常见的海洋现象,这些偶极子在输送海水、养分和其他物质方面发挥着重要作用.本文提出了一种基于海表面高度异常数据得到的涡旋轨迹数据的全球偶极子自动识别方法.通过使用K–D树切割空间的方法,对1993年1月至2016年9月间的涡旋轨迹数据进行计算,共发现了生命周期...