对“论‘太湖冲击坑溅射物’”一文的答复

      本期刊登了黄志诚和刘冠邦有关太湖“溅射物”的讨论文章。该文从沉积学观点,对太湖某些沉积物及结核开展了 研究工作,确定了沉积成因菱铁矿结核的存在, 并据此对我们在2009 年提出的太湖“溅射物”冲击成因观点提出质疑。这 些非溅射物结核的新资料,为进一步深入对比研究溅射物提供了某些参考。本文根据溅射物的外形、内部特征以及同位素 资料,与非溅射物结核进行了初步对比,结果显示对太湖“溅射物”的不同结论可能与研究样品差异有关, 相关研究工作 还值得进一步深入下去。     

贵州铜仁地区硅石资源概况及其开发利用

本文概括地介绍了铜仁地区沉积变质和热液两种成因类型硅石资源的分布及其矿床地质基本特征,对其合理开发利用提出了建议,可供参考。     

松辽盆地东南隆起超大型油页岩矿床特征及成因

研究区内已发现的超大型油页岩矿床位于吉黑地槽褶皱系松辽中断陷的一个三级构造单元--松辽盆地东南隆起内。研究区主要发育白垩纪地层,属于陆源碎屑岩沉积。经钻井岩心观察和采用“费舍尔”方法对含油率测试分析表明,油页岩层主要赋存在早白垩世青山口组和晚白垩世嫩江组。含油页岩层系整体为一套厚层的暗色泥页岩和油页岩组合。井间油页岩层对比和油页岩平面展布特征显示,该区油页岩呈层状、规模大、分布范围广、矿层稳定、连续性好。研究证实矿石含油率与有机质组分及总有机碳关系密切,矿石灰分大,属低品质油页岩矿石。通过对油页岩特征及成矿环境分析,认为矿床成因属于腐泥型页岩-油页岩。     

中纬度带天然气水合物地球化学勘查技术

祁连山冻土区木里地区天然气水合物矿藏是迄今为止在中纬度带首次发现的水合物矿藏,为了研究中纬度带水合物地球化学勘查技术,选择木里矿区作为方法技术的试验区。试验指标内容有土壤顶空气、酸解烃、碳酸盐和甲烷碳同位素。研究表明:祁连山木里天然气水合物矿藏存在明显的近地表地球化学异常;由甲烷碳同位素和烃类组成判断地表油气化探异常为热解成因,指示该区天然气水合物成藏物质来源于油气和煤成气。进一步研究了中纬度带冻土区天然气水合物成藏模式,指出该区进行天然气水合物勘探的同时应进行石油和煤成气的综合勘探。     

Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity Using Optical Devices I (ASTROD I)—A class-M fundamental physics mission proposal for Cosmic Vision 2015–2025

ASTROD I is a planned interplanetary space mission with multiple goals. The primary aims are: to test general relativity with an improvement in sensitivity of over three orders of magnitude, improving our understanding of gravity and aiding the development of a new quantum gravity theory; to measure key solar system parameters with increased accuracy, advancing solar physics and our knowledge of the solar system; and to measure the time rate of change of the gravitational constant with an order of magnitude improvement and the anomalous Pioneer acceleration, thereby probing dark matter and dark energy gravitationally. It is an international project, with major contributions from Europe and China and is envisaged as the first in a series of ASTROD missions. ASTROD I will consist of one spacecraft carrying a telescope, four lasers, two event timers and a clock. Two-way, two-wavelength laser pulse ranging will be used between the spacecraft in a solar orbit and deep space laser stations on Earth, to achieve the ASTROD I goals. A second mission, ASTROD (ASTROD II) is envisaged as a three-spacecraft mission which would test General Relativity to 1 ppb, enable detection of solar g-modes, measure the solar Lense–Thirring effect to 10 ppm, and probe gravitational waves at frequencies below the LISA bandwidth. In the third phase (ASTROD III or Super-ASTROD), larger orbits could be implemented to map the outer solar system and to probe primordial gravitational-waves at frequencies below the ASTROD II bandwidth.

黑潮延伸体区纬向扰动海温的结构特征及其对系统变异的指示作用分析

为准确描述黑潮延伸体的强度,突出其表面热量输送作用引起的海温调整,提出了纬向扰动海温的概念,基于对NOAA（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration）高分辨率海温资料和GODAS（Global Ocean Data Assimilation System）海洋再分析资料的分析表明,气候态的纬向扰动海温与洋流的表面热量输送分布高度一致;对纬向扰动海温年际演变的分析表明,相较于传统的海温异常,纬向扰动海温能够更好地体现出延伸体系统强度的年际振荡,标识出延伸体和亲潮的影响范围;对西北太平洋纬向扰动海温异常的经验模态分解结果的分析表明,前两模态主要反映不受亲潮交汇影响的延伸体收缩和扩张模态,而第三、四模态则反映北侧亲潮的强弱对延伸体扰动海温的影响。涡动动能作为标识延伸体区域的重要动力学指标,在延伸体系统的演变中,与纬向扰动海温通过海洋温度锋的强度和流轴的稳定性紧密联系:纬向扰动海温增大,表明洋流的热量输送作用增强,延伸体强度增强,海温梯度增大,此时海洋温度锋增强,流轴稳定,中尺度涡活动减弱,反之亦然。考虑到纬向扰动海温对延伸体表面热量输送作用具有较好的刻画能力,定义了延伸体热力指数T_p,对比分析表明该指数能较好地标识出延伸体的收缩和扩张状态,对延伸体的纬向伸展距离和流轴的南北振荡同样具有良好的指示作用。     

Response of the Kuroshio Current to Eddies in the Luzon Strait

The impact of eddies on the Kuroshio Current in the Luzon Strait (LS) area is investigated by using the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) satellite observation data and the sea surface height (SSH) assimilation data. The influence of the eddies on the mean current depends upon the type of eddies and their relative position. The mean current is enhanced (weakened) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy becomes slightly far from it, whereas it is weakened (enhanced) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy moves near or within the position of the mean current; this is explained as the eddy-induced meridional velocity and geostrophic flow relationship. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy can increase (decrease) the mean meridional flow due to superimposition of the eddy-induced meridional flow when the eddy is within the region of the mean current. However, when the eddy is slightly far from the mean current region, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy tends to decrease (increase) the zonal gradient of the SSH, which thus results in weakening (strengthening) of the mean current in the LS region.     

Tropical cyclones and polar lows: Velocity,size, and energy scales,and relation to the 26°C cyclone origin criteria

The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1) as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter l_c for rotating fluids convection, and (2) as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coefficient through the formula for total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and l_c, we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 10¹⁸-10¹⁹ J. It will be shown that wind of 33 m s^-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere are about 700 W m^-2 for a TC and 1700 W m^-2 for a PL, in association with the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26^oC as a criterion for TC origin. The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5--6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or even half a day, for a TC reaching 15--18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane of T^s and ΔT=T_s-T_a to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, T_a is the atmospheric temperature at the height z=10 m. A PL should have ΔT>20^oC in accordance with the observations and numerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a degree, might be sufficient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times.     

冬季黑潮海域异常加热与北太平洋大气环流的耦合关系

利用NCEP/NCAR和OAFlux月平均资料,采用SVD方法分析冬季黑潮海域的热通量和北太平洋500 hPa位势高度场之间的关系。第1对奇异向量占总方差的86.24%,表现为黑潮北部海域异常多的放热和北太平洋中西部的500 hPa位势高度场异常低。将正负异常年的各气象要素的距平场进行合成分析后表明：当阿留申低压增强（减弱）时,黑潮海域上空的西北风增强（减弱）,导致近地面层大气温度降低（升高）,使得热通量异常释放增加（减少）,从而降低（升高）了海表面温度。在黑潮海域及其下游,温度场在纬向垂直方向是斜压结构,位势高度场是相当正压结构,反映的是冷低压（暖脊）结构。通过分析风场无旋分量和垂直速度的距平发现,在中纬度地区存在距平的纬向环流圈：大气在北太平洋中部的低层上升（下沉）,在对流层高层（低层）分别向西、向东运动,在黑潮海域和北美西部下沉（上升）,增强（减弱）了中纬度纬向环流圈（MZC）。     

Impacts of Typhoons on Kuroshio Large Meander: Observation Evidences

The formation of the Kuroshio large meander in summer 2004 was investigated by using the cruise data,Argo profiles data,and satellite remote sensing data.The authors validated the point that cyclonic eddies contrib-uted to the large meander.Besides,.the impacts of ty-phoons on Kuroshio meanders were also studied.From 29 July to 4 August,the typhoons stirred the ocean and up-welled the deep water,which enhanced the existed cyc-lonic eddy,and immediately made a drastic meander of the Kuroshio.Moreover,the unexpected typhoons in June 2004 also contributed to the initial meander at the Tokara Strait.The result suggests an alternative meander mecha-nism of the Kuroshio path via the typhoon-eddy-Kuroshio interactions.It is argued that typhoons accompanied with cyclonic eddies,might play crucial roles in meanders of the Kuroshio.This will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the western boundary flows,like the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream,and will be useful in eddy-resolution models.