从DNA角度认识中国黄牛的起源和利用历史

中国黄牛的起源及驯化一直是遗传学家和考古学家共同关注的热点问题.中国拥有丰富的牛种资源,仅中国地方黄牛品种就多达55个,境内及周边还分布着能与黄牛杂交的近缘野牛,这导致中国黄牛的遗传背景和形成历史非常复杂.利用DNA可以解析中国黄牛的起源和利用历史,通过Y染色体、线粒体和核基因组遗传标记已经从父系遗传、母系遗传和基因组...     

中美两国全球6级以上地震目录对比分析

中国地震台网中心(CENC)和美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)提供的全球地震目录经常出现较大偏差.CENC发震时刻较早,CENC震源深度较深.2001年至2010年全球6.0级以上地震约11.67％存在明显目录偏差,印度洋板块北侧集中约70％有各类偏差地震.印度洋板块北侧各项误差统计占全世界同类地震约70％,表现出较好的一致性.这种现象应与震源过程有关,与该地区S波走时异常问题耦合,而不是算法或随机误差造成的.     

Interannual variability of subsurface temperature in summer induced by the Kuroshio over Bungo Channel,Tosa Bay,and Kii Channel,south of Japan

Using historical in situ temperature record, we investigate interannual variability of temperature in summer over Bungo Channel, Tosa Bay, and Kii Channel (hereafter “BTK”), south of Japan. This study aims to reveal the interregional relation of the subsurface temperature variability between the shelf and slope as well as between BTK, and specify the primary cause of the temperature variability in terms of the Kuroshio path. It is shown that 100-m temperature on the slope of BTK is synchronous with each other and highly correlated with coastal sea levels from Kyushu to Kii Peninsula, suggesting that subsurface temperature over the slope varies simultaneously on spatial scales of 400–500 km in the along-slope direction. The 100-m temperature on the slope is also correlated with the near-bottom temperature on the shelf, implying that the near-bottom temperature is determined mainly by the larger-scale variability over the slope. The Kuroshio state in summer of each year is classified into the large meander (LM), non-large meander (NLM), and intermittent larger meander (IM) propagating eastward along the slope. It is found that remarkable temperature increases are accompanied by the IM propagations south of BTK. Temperatures during the IM and LM period are significantly different, the means of which are the highest and lowest, respectively. Temperature during the NLM period with the second highest mean value exhibits the largest variance. Statistical analysis suggests that this variance is related to the Kuroshio axis shift over Izu Ridge between the nearshore and offshore NLM paths.     

福建水口库区地震活动及其动力成因分析

根据水库蓄水后地震活动的时间分布特征,将水库诱发地震分为三个阶段,通过对三个阶段地震活动的震中分布、震源深度、震源机制解等活动特征进行分析,同时考证震中区历史上曾发生过的强烈有感地震,得出以下认识:①库区三个阶段地震动力成因各不相同,第一阶段主要是水库蓄水引发的初始应力释放,第二阶段地震动力来自东南方向,第三阶段地震动力来自西北方向。②水库诱发地震震中区历史上曾发生过强烈有感地震,震中区将成为区域构造应力场调整释放的"窗口",因此应加强水口库区的地震监测与防御。③在讨论福建地区地震动力成因时,不能只强调来自台湾岛弧碰撞对福建地区地震的控制作用,而忽略来自喜马拉雅碰撞带对福建地区的作用力。     

地壳内部第二深度空间(5000～10000m)石油与天然气地球物理勘探:化石能源发展的必由之路

任何国家要快速工业化和经济腾飞均必须依赖于大量能源的供给和消耗,当今中国正处在快速发展之际,现已成为世界上化石能源消耗的第二大国,预测在2012年前后在一次性化石能源消耗中将会超过美国,而成为世界上第一能源消耗大国.面临这种必然的格局,我国必须不失时机地、多元化地利用世界能源,同时又必须坚定的立足于本土,建立起安全、可靠和能保证持续供给的能源战略后备基地.对国内外油、气发展势态的综合研究表明：(1)在中国油气的生、储构造和岩性极为复杂、油田整装性差的条件下,一定要正确、认识和厘定双相（陆相+海相）沉积盆地、古老结晶基底和双基混合成因（有机+无机）的理念,以拓展勘探和开发空间;(2)科学理解中国油、气储量和产量的潜力,强化第二深度空间（5000～10000 m）油、气能源的勘探和开发乃本世纪能源发展的必由之路;(3)加强地球物理勘探高、新科学与技术,即新理论、方法和新技术的研究和应用乃是发现深层大型、超大型油气田和提高油田采收率的根本保证.     

GCRS与ITRS之间的坐标转换研究

地球质心天球参考系（GCRS）与国际地球参考系（ITRS）之间的坐标转换是天文/测地学的主要研究问题之一。在基于春分点的坐标转换过程中,推导了瞬时天球中间极（CIP）在GCRS中的坐标表达式,它是基于非旋转原点（NRO）坐标转换的基础。根据选择的欧拉角,对J2000平天极相对GCRS的天极补偿和分点改正的概念进行了数学表述。同时给出了在基于春分点和NRO的坐标转换模型中引入的各种坐标系之间的关系。     

柴北缘宗务隆构造带印支期花岗闪长岩地质特征及其构造意义

为了研究柴北缘宗务隆构造带印支期构造演化特征,选取宗务隆构造带内具代表性的晒勒克郭来花岗闪长岩和察汗诺花岗闪长岩进行了岩石学、年代学与地球化学研究。锆石SHRIMP U Pb年代学结果显示,晒勒克郭来花岗闪长岩与察汗诺花岗闪长岩分别形成于(249.2±2.6) Ma、(242.7±1.9) Ma和(243.5±2.4) Ma,为早三叠世,也更加证实柴北缘印支期构造岩浆活动的存在。两岩体均相对富SiO2、Na2O和Al2O3,A/CNK分别为1.02～1.06和1.01～1.05,里特曼指数分别为1.54～1.73和1.07～1.61,属于弱过铝质中钾高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩; K/Rb值平均分别为234和279,分异指数分别为72.95～76.06和64.49～76.42,两岩体原始岩浆结晶分异不充分;LREE/HREE分别为6.83～9.70和3.29～7.40,弱的Eu负异常或正异常;在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,两岩体明显富集Rb、U、La、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素;察汗诺花岗闪长岩中发育中基性暗色包体,包体和寄主岩中见斜长石、角闪石等矿物结构和成分不平衡现象,说明其为岩浆混合成因。综上所述,两岩体应为印支期柴北缘活动大陆边缘俯冲碰撞作用导致幔源岩浆底侵与下地壳部分重融形成的壳幔混合岩浆形成的产物。对比柴北缘宗务隆构造带与柴东鄂拉山构造带内岩浆岩地质特征认为,宗务隆构造带的形成可能与西秦岭沿共和坳拉谷强烈斜向碰撞柴达木地块有关。     

Thermohaline finestructure observed near the northern Philippine coast

Using hydrographic measurements from three recent surveys in the western tropical Pacific, this study revealed the existence and general features of thermohaline finestructure near the northern Philippine coast. Pronounced finestructures were detected in the layers of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) during all three cruises and shown to be mainly thermohaline intrusions. Characteristics of the intrusions were further investigated with spiciness curvature and salinity anomaly methods. The vertical scale of the intrusions was 20-50m and 50-100m in the NPTW and NPIW layers, respectively. Within the NPTW layer, the Turner angle distribution and correlation between salinity and density anomalies suggested that diffusive convection between surface fresh water and subsurface saline water played an important role in the development and maintenance of the intrusions. In addition, connection between thermohaline finestructure and larger-scale oceanic processes was explored using historical hydrographic data. The results reveal that the salinity field and the distribution of the intrusions in this region were largely determined by mesoscale eddies. As a result of eddy stirring, both isopycnal and diapycnal temperature/salinity gradients were strengthened, which gave rise to the development of thermohaline intrusions. The intrusions acted to enhance heat and salt fluxes and resulted in the mixing of water masses being more efficient. By linking mesoscale eddy stirring to micro-scale diffusion, thermohaline finestructure plays a vital role in the ocean energy cascade and water mass conversion in the northern Philippine Sea.     

山东沂源县水磨头褐铁矿地质特征及矿床成因

沂源县水磨头褐铁矿床赋存于刘家洞-水磨头断裂中,为小型褐铁矿矿床,矿区内矿体有呈脉状状产出;矿体规模较小,厚度、品位变化均匀。矿体长500m,平均厚度2.83m,控制斜深71.1m,TFe平均品位34.30%,品位变化系数15%,属品位变化均匀性矿体。断裂构造和围岩对成矿、控矿具有重要的作用,脉状矿体以充填作用为主。矿床成因属中低温热液交代充填—风化淋滤型矿床。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华池—庆阳地区上三叠统延长组长6油层组古地震变形构造及砂体叠置关系*

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长6 油层组是盆地内中生界最重要的含油层段之一。长6油层组以储集砂体发育、成因类型多样为特征。其中,位于湖盆中部的华池—庆阳地区在长6油层组沉积演化过程中广泛发育了一套与古地震事件有关的液化变形构造砂体。该地区长6油层组砂体中所发育的液化变形构造类型主要包括：负荷及砂球构造、振动液化卷曲变形构造、沙侵蘑菇、液化岩脉、液化摆动构造等。地震事件与重力滑塌所形成的变形构造的区别主要表现在：变形构造的优势方位、是否存在滑动面和是否存在均一化层。与古地震事件有关的液化变形构造砂体和其他成因类型砂体的叠置,主要包括两种类型：一为地震事件成因砂体与正常沉积作用所形成的砂体（三角洲前缘砂体）的叠置;二为地震事件成因砂体与由地震作用导致的三角洲前缘滑塌再搬运而形成的浊积砂体的叠置。最后,建立了不同沉积作用所形成砂体的成因模式。