Within‐Site Variation in Lichen Growth Rates and Its Implications for Direct Lichenometry

Variation in lichen growth rates poses a significant challenge for the application of direct lichenometry, i.e. the construction of lichen dating curves from direct measurement of growth rates. To examine the magnitude and possible causes of within‐site growth variation, radial growth rates (RaGRs) of thalli of the fast‐growing foliose lichen Melanelia fuliginosa ssp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl. and the slow‐growing crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. were studied on two S‐facing slate rock surfaces in north Wales, UK using digital photography and an image analysis system (Image‐J). RaGRs of M. fuliginosa ssp. fuliginosa varied from 0.44 to 2.63 mm yr^–1 and R. geographicum from 0.10 to 1.50 mm yr^–1.5. Analysis of variance suggested no significant variation in RaGRs with vertical or horizontal location on the rock, thallus diameter, aspect, slope, light intensity, rock porosity, rock surface texture, distance to nearest lichen neighbour or distance to vegetation on the rock surface. The frequency distribution of RaGR did not deviate from a normal distribution. It was concluded that despite considerable growth rate variation in both species studied, growth curves could be constructed with sufficient precision to be useful for direct lichenometry.     

不同郁闭度天山云杉林林冠截留量及穿透雨量特征研究

天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica(Rupr.)Chen et Fu)是构成天山山地森林生态系统的主体。选取天山森林生态系统定位研究站不同郁闭度天山云杉林作为研究对象,研究了不同郁闭度条件下天山云杉林冠截留量及穿透雨量的月变化特征、林冠截留量及穿透雨量与总降雨量间的数量关系,通过研究得出结论:林冠截留率与郁闭度表现出显著正相关关系,而穿透雨比率与郁闭度表现出显著负相关关系;穿透雨量、穿透雨比率及林冠截留量的月变化与总降雨量基本一致,林冠截留率则相反;郁闭度为0.8和0.6、0.4和0.2之间的穿透雨量无显著性差异,0.8和0.6与0.4和0.2之间差异明显,林冠截留量相邻郁闭度间均无显著性差异,而不相邻郁闭度之间均差异显著;建立了穿透雨量及林冠截留量与总降雨量间的数学关系,用以定量评价该地区天山云杉林水文生态效益。     

播种深度和土壤水分对黄花补血草种子萌发的影响

 采集来自腾格里沙漠的黄花补血草种子,分别设置7个水分梯度（3.0%, 5.0%, 8.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%,18.0%,20%) 和6个播种深度（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 cm）,进行黑暗（10～15 ℃）和光照(20～25 ℃)处理,研究水分、埋藏深度和温度对黄花补血草种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明：黄花补血草种子吸涨速率很快,在6 h种子吸水达到饱和;在土壤水分为3.0%～10.0%时,种子萌发率较高,当土壤水分达到20%时,萌发受到抑制;种子埋藏越深,萌发率越低,土壤水分太低或者太高,都不利于种子萌发。黄花补血草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳条件是：白天温度在25 ℃,夜间温度在15 ℃,土壤水分为10.0%,埋藏深度为0.5 cm时种子萌发率和出苗率最高。     

应用地震层析成象技术研究深部速度结构

罗马尼亚Ｖａｎｃｅａ地震区是大陆上发生与板块磁撞和削减有关的中深部地震活动的地区之一。本文介绍了应用地震层析成象方法研究该地区深部速度结构成果。在研究中使用了地方和区域地震所记录的４３３个浅源和中部地震的到时资料反演求解深至２００ｋｍ的三维速度结构,在走时和射线路径的计算中利用了有效的三维射线跟踪技术,在反演中采用ＬＳＱＲ算法,高分辨率的地震层析图象揭示了速度结构的广泛不均匀性,结果表明,地震层析     

九龙江口秋茄和白骨壤的渗透调节剂及其贡献

于1994年和1995年,在福建省九龙江口龙海市海岸采集秋茄和白骨壤样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法、而定法和比色法分析了其叶片组织中无机和有机渗透调节剂的含量及其贡献。结果表明,秋茄和白骨壤的无机渗透调节剂在总渗透调节中的贡献分别为87.8％和87．4％,有机渗透调节剂的贡献仅分别为12．2％和12．6％。在无机渗透调节剂中,Na 和Cl-占主导地位,其次为K ,而Ca2 、Mg2 和NO3-的贡献很小。在有机渗透调节剂中,可溶性糖占主导地位,游离氨基酸和有机酸的贡献较小。另外,秋茄和白骨壤根据分析的无机和有机渗透调节剂浓度计算出的渗透调节能力均小于实测值,说明存在其它一些未知的渗透调节剂。     

人工诱导雌核发育牙鲆的染色体及核型证明

于1994-1996年,分别在威海海洋渔业捕捞公司（石岛）和鸿洋实业总公司龙须岛育苗场采集人工培育的3－5龄牙鲆亲鱼,采用紫外线照射法使牙鲆精子遗传物质失活,并用冷休克法抑制受精卵第二极体释放,从而获得雌核发育二倍体牙好。原肠期采用空气干燥法、Giemsa染色,得到雌核发育二倍体、正常二倍体及单倍体的染色体制片,进行染色体和核型的分析。结果表明,牙鲆的雌核发育二倍体和正常二倍体的染色体数均为2n=48,核型为48t,即48条端部着色点染色体,臂数NF=48,两者的核型设有明显差异;单倍体为24条端部着丝点染色体;在3个组别中,第一号染色体上都有一明显的次缢痕。雌核发育二倍体牙鲆的诱导率为98％。     

环境因子对牙鲆精子运动能力的影响

于1997年5-6月,在山东荣成市石岛养殖场采用挤压法收集牙鲆亲鱼的精子,利用显微镜观察精子的活力,研究外界环境因子的变化对牙鲆精子运动能力的影响。结果表明,将蔗糖、NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、CaCl2等溶解于去离子水中,制成不同浓度即具有不同渗透压的溶液,不同渗透压的溶液对精子运动的诱导结果不同。EDTANa2溶液不能诱导精子运动。在人工海水中加入一定量的EDTANa2后,可使原先运动的精子静止;在该溶液中加入新的Ca2 后,将不再诱导原来受到EDTANa2抑制的精子。如用MgSO4代替溶液中的CaCl2,可诱导精子运动;而当用MgCl2代替溶液中的CaCl2,以及用CaCl2或NaCl代替MgSO4时,溶液即失去诱导精子运动的能力。在pH＝4.0-9、5的海水中,牙解精子均可正常运动。     

Evidence of NAO control on subsurface ice accumulation in a 1200 yr old cave-ice sequence, St. Livres ice cave, Switzerland

Mid-latitude ice caves are assumed to be highly sensitive to climatic changes and thus represent a potentially interesting environmental archive. Establishing a precise chronology is, however, a prerequisite for the understanding of processes driving the cave-ice mass balance and thus allows a paleoenvironmental interpretation. At St. Livres ice cave (Jura Mountains, Switzerland), subfossil trees and organic material are abundant in the cave-ice deposit, therefore allowing the dating of individual ice layers. The dendrochronological analysis of 45 subfossil samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the overhanging front of the ice outcrop as well as the dating of seven wood samples with ¹⁴C dating allowed for a reconstruction of the St. Livres cave-ice sequence and for the determination of periods of ice accumulation and ablation. Results suggest a maximal age of 1200 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP for the observed ice sequence and indicate the presence of four major deposition gaps dated to the 14th, 15th, mid-19th and late 19th century, which can be related with periods of positive North Atlantic Oscillation anomalies (NAO+) over the winter half-year and/or anthropogenic cave-ice abstraction. Similarly, there is evidence that periods of cave-ice accumulation as observed between AD 1877-1900 and AD 1393-1415 would correspond with phases of negative NAO indices. Cave ice represents therefore an original climate archive for the winter half-year and is complementary to other continental proxies recording preferentially summer conditions (e.g., tree rings, varves).     

Effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzyme, photosynthetic pigment and flavonoid pathway in two desert shrubs

Antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic pigment content, and free malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as flavonoid content and the key enzyme activity in the flavonoid pathway were determined in two desert shrubs, Caryopteris mongolica Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. under drought stress. The free MDA content was enhanced during the experimental period, which may be an indicator of oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in C. mongholica showed a significant increase during the experiment, but catalase (CAT) activity was slightly decreased. On the other hand, POD and APX activities showed a significant increase and SOD and CAT activity data had no significant changes in R. soongorica. APX, SOD, and CAT activities were higher in R. soongorica than in C. mongholica, but MDA content was lower, indicating that the lower values of MDA were attributed to higher activities of antioxidant enzyme in R. soongorica. Chlorophyll content decreased significantly in the two shrubs during the experiment, which indicated that there was a photoprotection mechanism through reducing light absorbance by decreasing pigments content. Caretonoids content increased in C. mongholica and decreased in R. soongorica. The ratio of Chla/Chlb decreased significantly but caretonoids/Chl revealed a significant increase in the two shrubs, which could be explained as no decrease of peripheral light-harvesting complexes and a higher tolerance to drought. Total flavonoid content and the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) showed different changes between C. mongholica and R. soongorica after treatment. These values decreased in R. soongorica and increased in C. mongholica except for PAL activity. However, anthocyanin content increased in the two shrubs, indicating that there was a different regulation response in the flavonoid pathway in the two shrubs under drought stress, and anthocyanin should be an important antioxidant both in the shrubs. Our results demonstrated the different responses of antioxidant defense and drought tolerance ability between the two shrubs.