长江口东南泥质区百年来稀土元素的组成及控制因素

在210pb定年的基础上,分析了长江口外东南泥质区柱样沉积物稀土元素含量、特征参数分布特征及其与粒径、常量元素等的相关性,探讨了150 a以来稀土元素的来源、制约因素及对沉积环境的响应.结果表明,柱样稀土元素总量(ΣREE)变化范围不大,分布范围为158.38～197.87 μg/g,平均值为183.49μg/g,总体...     

十到百年尺度动力形态模型在珠江磨刀门河口的应用

在人类活动的参与下磨刀门河口演变已不再是纯粹的自然过程,而是自然和人类活动共同塑造的过程。建立了一个以过程模拟为主的10~100 a尺度的长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM-10)用于模拟磨刀门河口在人类活动作用下的演变过程。 该模型建立在水体运动方程和沉积物输运方程的基础上,应用约简技术对模型输入和计算进行处理,并包含了用于评价和量化人类活动的抛石促淤模块和航道疏浚模块。应用该模型较真实地模拟了磨刀门河口在1977-1988 年的动力地形演变过程,并且通过模拟结果和情景分析,合理地分离了人类各种工程活动的长期影响和自然因素在河口演变中的作用。研究表明,治理工程对河口自然发展趋势造成了较大的改造,淤积强度表现为西侧大于东侧。抛石和围垦工程使横洲水道主槽逐年冲刷,深槽外移,而龙屎窟深槽上端则表现为严重淤积,深槽不断缩窄。     

2019年6月黄河口6次局地冰雹实例分析

利用常规气象资料、多普勒雷达资料、加密自动气象站资料及第五代欧洲中心再分析资料(ERA5),分析了2019年6月发生在黄河口地区的6次局地冰雹天气过程。结论如下：1）6次降雹过程是在有利的环境条件下产生的,大尺度影响系统是东北（华北）冷涡与横槽、中纬度高空槽;冰雹天气即将发生前,对流层低层多存在逆温,有对流抑制,对流有效位能在1 000 J·kg-1以上,环境比较干,0 ℃层与-20 ℃层之间的厚度在1.8～2.3 km,两温度层的高度较经验值偏低。2）雹暴云在发生发展阶段存在最大组合反射率（MaxREF）、回波顶高（ET）和垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）的迅猛跃增;6次雹暴云气柱内冰水含量偏多,且积累迅速,液态水含量较少,雨水含量最少,因而造成降雹时多伴有弱降水。3）雹暴云的中层风场特征表现为雷达径向风的水平切变与垂直切变,而在对流层低层则表现为风向辐合与风速脉动。4）6次冰雹天气发生的地点多在黄河口的沿岸地区;特殊的地理位置有利于在对流层低层形成中尺度风场辐合线,在有利的环流背景下,可激发局地对流或使移入的雷暴云得到迅猛发展,这是导致该地对流频发的原因。     

The Effect of Macrofauna on Porewater Profiles and Nutrient Fluxes in the Intertidal Zone of the Humber Estuary

Macrofauna, nutrient fluxes, porewater chemistry and sediment characteristics were measured at six intertidal mudflat sites in the Humber Estuary, U.K., during the different seasons. Nereis diversicolor , Macoma balthica and Corophium volutator were found to be the dominant macrofauna. Salinity was the baseline control on macrofauna distribution but this was overprinted by periodic impoverishment due to sediment mobilization. High resolution gel probe porewater samplers provided direct evidence for the impact of burrows on porewater chemistry. The macrofauna modified nutrient fluxes during periods of mud flat stability. Nereis caused a decrease in silicate and phosphate effluxes but enhanced ammonia release and nitrate uptake. Macoma enhanced ammonia and nitrite release. The impact of Corophium was not possible to discern. The Humber is a large, highly dynamic macrotidal estuary in which sediment resuspension has a large impact on porewater profiles, nutrient fluxes and macrofaunal communities. Simple patterns and inter-relationships which are seen in small sheltered estuaries are not observed in the Humber.     

Dissolved chromium in the St. Lawrence estuary

A study of dissolved chromium in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence has been carried out. A chromium concentration of 0·7 μg l^?1 was found in the St. Lawrence River. In the turbidity maximum of the upper estuary, chromium is removed from solution onto fine-grained resuspended sediments and internally produced organic-rich floccules. A simple flux calculation shows that these processes remove ～50% of the total dissolved chromium input of the river. At salinities greater than 5‰ dissolved chromium mixes conservatively.     

长江口及邻近海域现代沉积速率及其对长江入海泥沙去向的指示意义

对长江口及附近海域的16根重力柱样进行了210Pb沉积速率测试, 结合以往成果, 揭示了该区现代沉积速率分布格局, 对其控制因素以及其对认识长江入海泥沙去向的指示意义进行了探讨.沉积速率最高值分布在南支口外、杭州湾口群岛北部的前三角洲地区, 最高可达6.3m/a, 总体上在3cm/a以上; 次高值分布在杭州湾北部, 约1.7~3.0cm/a, 南部略低, 约0.4~1.0cm/a; 长江口水下负地形北部海域存在小片沉积速率较高的区域, 最高值达2.58cm/a; 低值主要分布在苏北辐射沙洲、过渡沉积区以及浅海陆架的大片区域, 基本保持在1cm/a以下.研究表明, 长江泥沙出口门后主要在水下三角洲地区进行了堆积, 其次有相当部分在涨潮流顶托下进入杭州湾, 进入杭州湾南部的泥沙又在落潮流作用下经杭州湾南侧向舟山海域方向输运; 长江入海物质向外海的扩散基本被控制在123°E以西, 苏北辐射沙洲、过渡沉积区以及浅海陆架的大片区域缺乏现代长江物质供应; 长江悬浮泥沙对研究区东北部陆架区影响较小, 废黄河口被侵蚀物质和黄海悬浮物质为其较高沉积速率的主要贡献者.      

Changes in nutrient uptake of phytoplankton under the interaction between sunlight and phosphate in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Estuary

We conducted ship-board incubation experiments to investigate changes in nutrient uptake of phytoplankton under different phosphate concentrations and irradiances in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in China. Under 100% natural irradiance the uptake rates of phosphate, silicate, and nitrate were accelerated at high phosphate levels （1.84 μM）, while under low irradiance （about 50% natural irradiance） their uptake rates were restrained at the high but stimulated greatly at the intermediate phosphate concentrations （1.26 μM）, as the growth of phytoplankton, changes in nitrite and ammonium uptake didn＇t follow an obvious pattern. Our results also showed that there were linear relationships between nitrate, silicate and phosphate uptake at different phosphate concentrations under low and high irradiances, and the growth period of phytoplankton was prolonged both at the high phosphate concentrations under high irradiance and at the intermediate concentrations under low irradiance, suggesting that the limitation of phytoplankton growth mainly reflected changes in its growth period, and because no such environment （low irradiance and low phosphate concentrations） actually existed in a high turbidity zone, phytoplankton blooms hardly occurred there. In the absence of irradiance, denitrification occurred readily and phytoplankton was kept decreasing, which resulted in phosphate regeneration.     

珠江口西部海域表层沉积物重金属元素多尺度空间变化特征

笔者应用因子克里格分析方法,研究了珠江口西部海域388个表层沉积物中7种重金属元素Cd, Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和As的空间结构特征,识别并分离了重金属元素不同尺度的空间主成分及其分布特征,探讨了不同空间尺度重金属的物源及控制因素。结果显示,研究区7种重金属元素在空间上存在块金尺度、局部尺度(变程为60 km的球状结构)和区域尺度(变程为160 km的球状结构)3种尺度的空间变化。以迭代算法模拟了研究区重金属元素线性协同区域化模型。根据不同尺度上区域化因子的主成分得分分布特征可知:局部尺度上,F₁因子(Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu)和F₂因子(As)的高值区表现为"牛眼"状局部特征,并分布在陆地沿海的河口或者港湾区,指示了可能受人为污染成分影响的重金属区域。其中,雷州半岛东部沿海是最可能的重金属污染区,其空间分布主要受控于局部的地形、海流等因素。F₂因子不同于F₁的空间分布,主要在于As不同于Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu等的地球化学行为。区域尺度上,F₁(Zn,Cr,Ni)和F₂(As)因子主要反映了不同陆源母岩物质的影响。Zn,Cr,Ni等主要源于华南大陆陆源母岩物质,而As主要受到海南岛陆源母岩物质的控制。F₁和F₂因子得分高值区整体上表现为NNE向自陆地向较深海域延伸的"片状"分布特征,推测其主要受到海平面变化及NNE向区域性海洋环流的控制。     

From outwash to coastal systems in the Portneuf–Forestville deltaic complex (Québec North Shore): Anatomy of a forced regressive deglacial sequence

Deglacial sequences typically include backstepping grounding zone wedges and prevailing glaciomarine depositional facies. However, in coastal domains, deglacial sequences are dominated by depositional systems ranging from turbiditic to fluvial facies. Such deglacial sequences are strongly impacted by glacio‐isostatic rebound, the rate and amplitude of which commonly outpaces those of post‐glacial eustatic sea‐level rise. This results in a sustained relative sea‐level fall covering the entire depositional time interval. This paper examines a Late Quaternary, forced regressive, deglacial sequence located on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Portneuf Peninsula, Québec, Canada) and aims to decipher the main controls that governed its stratigraphic architecture. The forced regressive deglacial sequence forms a thick (>100 m) and extensive (>100 km²) multiphased deltaic complex emplaced after the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin from the study area ca 12 500 years ago. The sedimentary succession is composed of ice‐contact, glaciomarine, turbiditic, deltaic, fluvial and coastal depositional units. A four‐stage development is recognized: (i) an early ice‐contact stage (esker, glaciomarine mud and outwash fan); (ii) an in‐valley progradational stage (fjord head or moraine‐dammed lacustrine deltas) fed by glacigenics; (iii) an open‐coast deltaic progradation, when proglacial depositional systems expanded beyond the valley outlets and merged together; and (iv) a final stage of river entrenchment and shallow marine reworking that affected the previously emplaced deltaic complex. Most of the sedimentary volume (10 to 15 km³) was emplaced during the three‐first stages over a ca 2 kyr interval. In spite of sustained high rates of relative sea‐level fall (50 to 30 mm·year^?1), delta plain accretion occurred up to the end of the proglacial open‐coast progradational stage. River entrenchment only occurred later, after a significant decrease in the relative sea‐level fall rates (<30 mm·year^?1), and was concurrent with the formation and preservation of extensive coastal deposits (raised beaches, spit platform and barrier sands). The turnaround from delta plain accretion to river entrenchment and coastal erosion is interpreted to be a consequence of the retreat of the ice margin from the river drainage basins that led to the drastic drop of sediment supply and the abrupt decrease in progradation rates. The main internal stratigraphic discontinuity within the forced regressive deglacial sequence does not reflect changes in relative sea‐level variations.     

闽江河口湿地典型植物群落及交错带植硅体碳分布特征研究

湿地既是"碳汇"也是"碳源",研究发现,碳可以被长久稳定地封存在植硅体内,不同植物的植硅体封存碳的能力有明显差异。选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地芦苇群落、短叶茳芏群落、互花米草群落及交错带为研究对象,研究这3种植物植硅体碳(Phytolith-Occluded Carbon,简称PhytOC)含量和储量的空间变化特征和影响因素,探讨PhytOC含量在纯群落和交错带的差异,为研究植物竞争和碳循环过程提供依据。结果表明:受水文条件、植物生长和空间扩展等影响,闽江河口湿地植物PhytOC含量整体表现为近岸区高于近海区,PhytOC储量表现为纯群落高于交错带。PhytOC含量依次表现为芦苇纯群落(4.14 mg/g) > 交错带芦苇(3.67 mg/g) > 与芦苇交错的短叶茳芏(3.08 mg/g) > 互花米草纯群落(2.70 mg/g) > 与互花米草交错的短叶茳芏(1.96 mg/g) > 交错带互花米草(1.86 mg/g) > 短叶茳芏纯群落(1.75 mg/g)。短叶茳芏与芦苇相互扩展中短叶茳芏植物整体及各器官PhytOC含量均升高,而与互花米草相互扩展时短叶茳芏除了根系、茎以外各器官PhytOC含量均下降。3种植物各器官在交错带中PhytOC储量分配比明显不同于纯群落,根系PhytOC储量的分配比上升,提高了根系竞争力。芦苇、短叶茳芏、互花米草通过植硅体封存的碳储量分别占植物碳储量的0.27%、0.15%和0.07%,但植物间的扩展过程影响了植物的PhytOC储量,其中短叶茳芏与互花米草形成的交错带中短叶茳芏下降幅度最高(56.29%),互花米草下降幅度最低(26.15%)。由此可见,植物的空间扩展对植物PhytOC含量、储量以及在不同器官的分配比都有一定的影响,短叶茳芏在与芦苇和互花米草竞争时分别采取不同的PhytOC分配机制。