GIS and quantitative geography

The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of the GIS revolution within the field of geography in the 1980s and 1990s, taking into consideration the influence of external and internal factors on disciplinary change. Geography is rapidly changing by the impact of external factors on geographical research and also as a consequence of economic recession and cutbacks in higher education. Most geography departments in universities have tried to approach this impact by promoting or shifting to human geography as an applied science, and by offering relevant skills through GIS as an approach to contemporary problems. It is concluded that quantitative geography is essential for the further expansion of GIS within geography and also for the survival of geography. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

日本中期数值预报传真图在桂东地区春播预报中的应用

用近几年的日本中期数值预报传真图的96～120h500hPa环流、涡度预报场、850hPa温度预报场及地面形势预报场与桂东地区受冷空气影响时段及低温阴雨天气过程进行对比分析,发现传真图对春播期的每次冷空气南下过程都能提前报出,对冷空气有较强的预报能力,为此,对这些传真图进行了归纳分析,找出一些桂东地区低温阴雨天气过程在日本中期数值预报传真图中的特征。     

Source Diversity of Ore Sulfur from Mesozoic-Cenozoic Mineral Deposits in the Korean Peninsula Region

Abstract: Sulfides from the Daebo Jurassic granitoids and some ore deposits from Korean Peninsula and Sikhote Alin occurring in different basement settings were analyzed for δ³⁴S values. Highly positive values were obtained from Jurassic Mo skarn deposit at Geumseong of the Ogcheon belt (average +13. 0%), Au‐quartz vein deposits at Unsan, North Korea (+6. 7%), and late Paleozoic Sn‐F deposit at Votnesenka (+8. 2%), Khanka massif, Russia. Together with published data of that region, regional variation of δ³⁴S values is shown across Korean Peninsula. Sulfur isotopic data published are compiled on 88 ore deposits, whose mineralization epochs belong to Cretaceous (58 deposits), Jurassic (25 deposits) and Precambrian (4 deposits) in South Korea. Average sulfur isotopic values vary across South Korea as follows: Cretaceous deposits in the Gyeongsang basin, +4. 8% ranging +1.2 ? +12.7‰ (n=28); Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in the Sobaegsan massif, +3. 5% ranging 0.0 ? +7.8‰ (n=20); those of the Ogcheon belt, +6. 4% ranging ‐0.5 ? +15.4‰(n=19); those of the Gyeonggi massif, +5. 5% ranging +2.1 ? +9.0‰(n = 21). The δ³⁴S values of South Korea tend to be concentrated around +5. 5 permil, exhibiting little, if any, a systematic variation across the geotectonic belts. This tendency is seen also in North Korea and Northeast China within the Cino‐Korean Block, and may be called as Cino‐Korean type. Sulfur of this type is derived mostly from the crystalline basement. Khanka massif of Russia seems to have features of the Cino‐Korean type. In contrast, paired positive/negative belts corresponding to magnetite‐series/ilmenite‐series granitic belts are overwhelming in the Japanese Islands, especially in Southwest Japan. The similar trend is also seen in southern Sikhote Alin and northern Okhotsk Rim, which may be called as Japanese type. Source of the sulfur in this type is likely in the subducting oceanic slab for positive value and accreted sedimentary complex for the negative value, respectively. The Daebo granitoids have an average rock δ³⁴S value of +5. 3 permil, which should have reflected that of the source rocks in the continental crust. The ore sulfur heavier than this value may have been originated in other granitoids having even higher δ³⁴S values, or the ore fluids interacted directly with sulfate sulfur of the host evaporites or carbonate rocks. Rock isotopic values of granitoids and basement rocks need to be examined in future from the above point of view in mind.     

海藻多糖植物空心胶囊体内生物利用度与生物等效性研究

采用三交叉、自身对照的方法,研究了3种药用空心胶囊的体内相对利用度,并评估了其生物等效性,以检验本实验室研发的海藻多糖空心胶囊替代动物明胶空心胶囊的可行性。实验选择了12名志愿者,以布洛芬为模型药物,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测志愿者体内的血药浓度变化,用DAS2.0计算主要药动学参数,并评价其生物利用度及生物等效性。结果显示,海藻多糖植物空心胶囊替代动物明胶空心胶囊并不影响人体内药物吸收;海藻多糖植物空心胶囊布洛芬胶囊剂与日本Qualicaps布洛芬胶囊剂(相对生物利用度94.9%)、明胶布洛芬胶囊剂(相对生物利用度97.5%)均具有生物等效性。     

条斑星鲽幼鱼变态期间核酸及蛋白的变化

本试验测定了条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)幼鱼变态过程中DNA、RNA、蛋白及其比值的变化,作为评价幼鱼变态阶段生长潜能的指标。结果表明,试验期间培育水温为16.5～18.0°C,DNA、RNA及蛋白的变化都带有发育阶段特异性。DNA含量在34～42日龄增加缓慢,然后快速增加直至44日龄,在45日龄和46日龄分别保持下降和上升趋势。蛋白含量和RNA含量的变化趋势相似,在试验期间保持快速增长的趋势。RNA/DNA比值从试验开始至35日龄呈上升状态,36日龄时下降,38日龄时达到最高值5.01,然后显著下降(P0.05),在试验结束时达到最低值1.76。蛋白/DNA在40日龄时达到最高值58.64,在46日龄时达到最低值21.28。RNA、DNA及蛋白含量跟全长和体质量有明显的线性关系(P0.05)。RNA/DNA与全长和体质量的关系比蛋白/DNA与全长和体质量的关系密切。蛋白/DNA比值的变化趋势跟RNA/DNA比值类似,但前者的变化滞后于后者,表明RNA/DNA比值是评价条斑星鲽生理状况的更有效的生理指标。     

饲料维生素C对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼生长和免疫的影响

采用单因子实验设计方法,进行了饲料中添加维生素C对花鲈幼鱼生长（增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率）、免疫反应（血清中溶菌酶活性和血清总补体活性）和组织中维生素C积累量影响的研究。结果表明,随着饲料中维生素C添加量由0提高到98．9mg／kg,花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高。以特定生长率为指标,花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素C添加量为103.0mg／kg左右;饲料中维生素C添加量在0-98．9mg／kg时,花鲈幼鱼肌肉和肝脏中维生素C的积累量随饲料中维生素C的增加而显著增加（P〈0．05）,花鲈幼鱼获得最大肝脏和肌肉中维生素C的积累量时,饲料中维生素C最低添加量为97．2mg／kg和105.0mg／kg;花鲈幼鱼血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素C添加量的增加而显著升高,维生素C添加量达到396．4mg／kg时,血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高。综上所述,花鲈生长和免疫的维生素C适宜添加量为400mg／kg左右。     

条斑星鲽消化系统个体发生的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术和显微测量法,对从孵化后到变态完成（55～60d,day post hatching,dph）的条斑星鲽（Verasper moseri Jordan et Gilbert）仔稚幼鱼早期发育中消化道的结构变化进行了观察,描述了个体发育过程中的组织学结构特征。结果表明,在13～15℃,7dph的仔鱼开口时,消化道已经分化为口咽腔、食道、肠和直肠,消化器官肝脏和胰腺出现。从7dph到14～17dph（卵黄囊消失）为混合营养期,形态上肠道进一步弯曲、盘旋;功能上中肠空泡样结构和后肠嗜伊红颗粒的出现,预示着肠上皮细胞在胃功能成熟前有吸收蛋白的作用。形态学上胃以及幽门盲囊的分化出现在26～29dph,与稚鱼刚开始附底的时期相吻合。而功能性胃的分化则出现在35dph左右,与稚鱼变态期相一致。条斑星鲽作为中国新近养殖品种,关于其早期发育的报道还是空白,作者对其消化系统进行系统的研究,旨在为该鱼种的商业化养殖提供相关的科学数据,同时也为海水鱼类早期营养和发育生物学的深入研究提供理论依据。     

星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长

为了摸清星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼各期形态发育特征,2006年4-7月在实验室利用显微数码摄像系统,通过电脑显示屏观察、测量、拍摄记录星斑川鲽胚后发育形态变化.培育水温14.0～19.5 ℃,S 27～31,光照度500 lx左右,饵料依次为经过强化的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料.星斑川鲽初孵仔鱼全长1.80～2.08 mm, 1日龄仔鱼平均全长2.89 mm;3日龄开始摄食;5日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕进入后仔鱼期;15～16日龄全长8.84 mm,开始伏底变态进入稚鱼期;20日龄全长10.12 mm,稚鱼右眼完全迁移至左侧,变态完成营底栖生活进入幼鱼期.星斑川鲽仔鱼变态发生日龄与培育水温有关,在12～15 ℃需24～27 d;15～16 ℃需18～20 d;17～19 ℃需15 d.开始变态仔鱼全长9 mm,变态完成时全长11 mm.幼鱼期鳞被形成,基本具有成鱼的外部形态和习性.     

Resource Evaluation and Some Genetic Aspects of Indium in the Japanese Ore Deposits

Abstract. There have been two primary sources for industrial indium; one from massive sulfides, while the other is dissemination-veins and skarns, related to felsic igneous rocks. The latter group of the In-bearing deposits is abundant in the Japanese Islands. Indium occurs as In-minerals such as sakuraiite, roquesite, laforetite and many unidentified minerals, but the majority is contained as an impurity in sphalerite, and tin and copper sulfides. Average grades of the ores from which indium has been extracted vary from a few ppm (e.g., Kosaka mine) to more than 300 ppm (Toyoha mine). The amount of indium in all the major basemetal deposits is estimated by analyzing representative samples. The main indium deposits are subvolcanic and tin-poly-metallic vein types. The largest one is Toyoha mine (4,700 tons hi) and the Ashio mine (ca. 1,200 tons In) was found to be the second largest. Many small occurrences, were recognized in the Miocene magnetite-series belt, besides the classic occurrences in the ilmenite-series granitic terrains of SW Japan, including the Ikuno and Akenobe tin(-tungsten) polymetallic veins, located in the northern margin of the late Cretaceous Sanyo ilmenite-series province. Magnetite-series magmas with deep source are necessary to concentrate sulfur in the magma chamber but sedimentary source rocks and their reducing agents are needed to collect and to precipitate indium. The Japanese islands are essentially accretionary terrains intruded by various deep oxidized magmas; thus forming magnetite/ilmenite-series paired belts, which are sometimes mixed. This unique geologic setting may be the most fundamental reason why indium is rich in vein-type deposits of the Japanese Island arcs.     

牙鲆选育F3代家系的建立及遗传效应分析

牙鲆是太平洋西岸海水养殖、捕捞和自然增殖的主要鱼类,但是人工养殖病害多、生长慢,针对这一问题,从2003年开始开展了牙鲆选择育种。本文利用筛选和培育的F1、F2代牙鲆家系核心群体,构建了F3代家系52个,在生长到196d时,对家系1 560尾鱼苗全长、体宽、体质量、全长日增量和体重日增量5个生长性状进行测量和计算,获得7 800个数据。采用"加性-显性"线性模型、最小范数二阶无偏估计法(MINQUE)对以上生长性状的边际平均值、加性方差分量、显性方差分量、随机方差分量、狭义遗传力、广义遗传力、亲本加性效应、杂交随机效应等遗传参数进行了评估。结果显示:1202、1206、1226和1211家系以上生长性状的边际平均值同时显著高于其他家系。以上5个生长性状的加性方差分量比率为(0.099±0.01)~(0.24±0.02),显性方差分量比率(0.30±0.02)~(0.31±0.02),随机方差分量比率(0.48±0.02)~(0.61±0.01),5个性状狭义遗传力0.099~0.24,广义遗传力0.38~0.54,以上遗传参数均达极显著性水平(P0.01)。综合比较18个亲本5个性状的加性效应预测值,发现F0917、F0908、F0905、F0915、F09125和KS(韩国牙鲆)亲本在5个性状上都具有极显著的正向效应(P0.01),其他亲本5个性状都不同程度的表现为显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的负向加性效应。对42个杂交组合显性随机效应进行预测,D(2×6)、D(2×18)、D(3×4)、D(7×12)、D(7×14)和D(8×13)6个杂交组合在5个性状上都表现为极显著(P0.05)正效应,利用这些杂交组合建立家系将促进牙鲆以上5个性状的生长。本文研究结果,为牙鲆优良家系的建立及新品种的培育初步筛选出了性状优良的亲本、杂交组合和家系,同时为牙鲆进一步选择育种提供了理论和技术依据。