Tidal phase control of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River

Tidal phase plays a major role in controlling sediment discharge from the Yangtze River estuary in eastern China. Direct measurements indicate that during spring tide in mid-November 1981 approximately 3 times the sediment passed down the main channel of the river as during the next neap tide, 3 days later. The estuary presumably acts as a conduit for riverine sediment during spring tide but as a sink during neap tide. Tidal phase control of sediment discharge appears to be primarily dependent upon tidal range relative to estuarine depth rather than river discharge or absolute tidal range per se.     

论徐连经济带建设

通过对徐连经济带在全省，淮海经济区中经济地位的分析，与省内宁镇扬，苏锡常两区的比较，找出本带经济中存在的问题及原因，提出加快其经济发展所拥有的优势区位，优越的自然条件和重要意义，并就点轴开理论本带建设布局中的应用进行了探讨。     

Israel's petroleum discovery curve

Oil exploration in Israel began in 1953. Until 1991 a total of 263 exploration wells and 122 development wells were drilled, 3 oil fields and 5 gas fields were discovered, and 4 noncommercial oil discoveries and 1 noncommercial gas discovery were made. Proven in-place reserves amount to 70 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBOE). Exploration focused on six main plays: Syrian Arc anticlines; Mesozoic platform-edge, structural-stratigraphic traps; the Dead Sea graben; Early Mesozoic structures; Saqiye Group biogenic gas; and Hula Group biogenic gas. The more significant discoveries are associated with the first two plays. Ninety percent of the proven reserves were discovered by the first 71 wildcats, which constitute 27 percent of all wildcats drilled to date. During this phase of exploration, the average success was 7 percent, and the average discovery rate was 0.88 MMBOE per wildcat. Most of the following 192 wildcats were dry holes. If, as experts claim, significant reserves are still undiscovered, previous exploration must be deemed inefficient. The quantitative model of the discovery process also leads to such an assessment.     

CFC Indicating Renewal of the Japan Sea Deep Water in Winter 2000–2001

The distributions of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) in the water column was determined twice in 2000 and 2001 in the northwestern Japan Sea. In 2000 the CFC-11 concentration decreased almost exponentially with depth from 6 pmol/kg at a few hundred m deep to 0.3 pmol/kg or less at the bottom of about 3400 m depth at three stations (40–41°N, 132–133°E) about 300 km off Vladivostok. In 2001 the CFC-11 concentration increased sharply up to 2 pmol/kg in the bottom water, while it did not increase at a station (42.0°N, 136.5°E) about 450 km away to the northeast. This is due to the renewal of the bottom water which is replaced by the surface water flowing down along the continental slope, as suggested by Tsunogai et al. (1999), who proposed the continental shelf pump. Furthermore, an increase in the CFC-11 concentration was observed throughout the entire water column above 3000 m depth, although the proportion of the increase was about 20%, which was one order of magnitude smaller than that in the bottom water. The increase in inventory is almost four times larger than that in the bottom water below 3000 m depth which is equivalent to about 1/6 of the total inventory found in 2000. The increase also means that 3% of the deep water was replaced by the recent surface water, or, if the turnover occurs every year, that the turnover time of the deep water to be about 30 years. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: The Mexican Colonial Copper Industry. Elinore M. Barrett . The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society . James R. Beniger . Land Degradation and Society . Piers M. Blaikie And Harold C. Brookfield , Eds . La carte, mode d'emploi. Roger Brunet . France: les dynamiques du territoire . Roger Brunet AND Jacques Sallois , EDS. At the Crossroads—The Mineral Problems of the United States . Eugene N. Cameron . A Census of One Billion People , Papers for International Seminar on China's 1982 Population Census. Li Chengrui , ED. Les Milieux “Naturels” du Globe . Jean Demangeot . The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions : Robert E. Dickinson , ED. Tenn-Tom Country . James F. Doster And David C. Weaver . Family Farming in Europe and America . Boguslaw Galeski And Eugene Wilkening , EDS. The Geography of Urban Transportation . Susan Hanson , Ed. Combating Desertification in Developing Countries . J. K. Jain , ED. Cartography in France—1660–1848. Science, Engineering and Statecraft . Josef W. Konvitz . Distribution of Distances in Pregeographical Space . Hans Kuiper . Physical Geography Lab Manual: A New Experimental Approach . Neal G. Lineback And John M. Harlin . Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation , 2nd ed. Tom L. Mc Knight . The Desert Is No Lady: Southwestern Landscapes in Women's Writing and Art . Vera Norwood And Janice Monk , EDS. France: A Geographical, Social, and Economic Survey . Philippe Pinchemel , translated, by D. Elkins and T. H. Elkins. Gene Banks and the World's Food . Donald L. Plucknett , Nigel J. H. Smith , J. T. Williams , And N. Murthi Anishetty . Latin American Development: Geographical Perspectives . David Preston , Ed. Making Sense of Development: An Introduction to Classical and Contemporary Theories of Development and Their Application to Southeast Asia . P. W. Preston . The History of the Countryside. Oliver Rackham . The Third World in Perspective . H. A. Reitsma AND J. M. G. Kleinpenning . The Industrial Geography of Australia . David C. Rich . The Recruiting Game , 2nd Ed., revised. John F. Rooney , JR. A Cultural Geography of North American Indians . Thomas E. Ross AND Tyrel G. Moore , EDS. Eastern Europe . Dean S. Rugg . Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History . Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography: 7. Robert David Sack . Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology . Stanley A. Schumm , M. Paul Mosley , AND William E. Weaver . The New Urban Landscape . David Schuyler . Atlas of American Women . Barbara Gimla Shortridge . Impacts of Hazardous Technology: The Psycho-Social Effects of Restarting TMI-1 . John Sorensen , Jon Soderstrom , Emily Copenhaver , Sam Carnes AND Robert Bolin . Modern Physical Geography , 3rd Ed., (Third Edition). Arthur N. Strahler AND Alan H. Strahler . India: Economic Resource Base and Contemporary Political Patterns . B. L. Sukhwal .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

新疆主要造山带地壳发展的五阶段模式及成矿系列

按汉尼克（１９８１）提出的简单剪切模式，大陆解离是沿一条缓倾斜的拆离带发生移离。随着拆离的发展，上地慢软流圈隆起追随拆离面下降的一侧迁移，而始终处于解离大陆一侧边缘的下方（而不是在拉伸洋盆的中线上）。因此，在有上地幔软流圈隆起对应的陆缘一侧，会产生大量火山—深成岩浆作用（主要是上地幔物质的渗入），称为“岩浆型被动陆缘”（旧称“火山型被动陆缘”）；而另一侧，则仅表现为地壳表层的构造破坏和陆源碎屑堆积作用，即经典意义上的大西洋型被动陆缘，称为“非岩浆型被动陆缘”。裂谷一般地可看成是上述解离过程初期阶段的产物。上述过程的几种构造环境下的地壳，都具有厚度减小、地壳渗透性增加、成熟度降低的特点，称为“拉张型过渡壳”。拉张型过渡壳阶段是陆同型造山带地壳发展中必不可少的阶段。它的标志性建造是双峰式火山岩建造（岩浆型被动陆缘）和巨厚陆源碎屑岩夹基性火山岩建造（非岩浆型被动陆缘），建造序列由稳定性类型向非稳定性类型演化，地球化学表现出成熟度不断降低的趋势。当基底陆壳拉伸减薄至零时，出现洋壳，洋壳阶段的产物为蛇绿岩建造。当扩张终止，洋盆开始消减，两侧陆缘演化即进入“汇聚型过渡壳阶段”。在汇聚阶段中，前两阶段形成的产物被强烈堆挤     

Rock material from the Weddell Sea Floor of the South Ocean

This work is devoted to the results of the joint Russian-German geodynamic research carried out in the Weddell Sea and West Antarctica during cruise ANT-XXII/3 of the R/V Polarstern in 2005. The study of rock samples collected from the sea floor showed that a heterogeneous structure of the Weddell Sea was formed by spatiotemporal combination of the destruction of continental crust, progressive thalassogenesis (oceanization-taphrogenesis), and rifting, as opposed to a spreading origin. High postconsolidation mobility during the destruction stage led to the areal dismembering and high permeability of the continental crust, as well as to tectonomagmatic activation. The main mechanism of reworking of the continental crust is recognized to be the magmatic replacement by basic-ultrabasic mantle material with formation of a secondary oceanic crust and preservation of relics of the continental crust. The Earth’s endogenous activity was driven by transmagmatic fluid flows, which ascended from the melted core and caused transformation of the Earth’s crust and mantle.     

Denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau, Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil: Relationships to Gondwana breakup and passive margin development

The Bocaina Plateau, which is situated on the eastern flank of the continental rift of southeastern Brazil, is the highest part of the Serra do Mar. Topographic relief in this area is suggested to be closely related to its complex tectono-magmatic evolution since the breakup of Western Gondwana and opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Apatite fission track ages and track length distributions from 27 basement outcrops were determined to assess these hypotheses and reconstruct the denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau. The ages range between 303 ± 32 and 46 ± 5 Ma, and are significantly younger than the stratigraphic ages. Mean track lengths vary from 13.44 ± 1.51 to 11.1 ± 1.48 μm, with standard deviations between 1.16 and 1.83 μm. Contrasting ages within a single plateau and similar ages at different altitudes indicate a complex regional tectonothermal evolution. The thermal histories inferred from these data imply three periods of accelerated cooling related to the Early Cretaceous continental breakup, Early Cretaceous alkaline magmatism, and the Paleogene evolution of the continental rift of southeastern Brazil. The oldest fission track ages (> 200 Ma) were obtained in the Serra do Mar region, suggesting that these areas were a long-lived source of sediments for the Paraná, Bauru, and Santos basins.     

新疆库鲁克塔格西段早泥盆世橄榄辉长岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

对新疆库鲁克塔格西段乌斯腾高勒东南橄榄辉长岩进行系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学及Sr?Nd?Hf同位素研究,确定了岩石成因,并探讨其构造背景及地质意义。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,橄榄辉长岩结晶年龄为410.3±5.7 Ma （MSWD = 0.56）,属早泥盆世岩浆活动的产物。全岩地球化学表明,岩石具有高Al2O3 和CaO、贫碱、低P2O5和TiO2的特征,属于低钾拉斑系列;岩石具有较高的Mg#值（72.27～75.04）、明显的Eu正异常（δEu = 1.12～1.38）,其轻稀土元素轻微富集,重稀土元素相对平缓;微量元素蛛网图上岩石富集大离子亲石元素（如Rb、Ba、K、Sr）和Pb元素,亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、P、Ti）。全岩Sr 同位素初始比值（87Sr/86Sr）i值（0.703 663～0.704 013）相对较小,εNd（t）值（-2.32～+4.98）变化范围较大,锆石εHf（t）值为+7.8～+12.5。该岩体为俯冲板片流体改造过的相对较浅、对应于尖晶石二辉橄榄岩稳定区域的亏损地幔楔部分熔融,部分熔融比例在2%～10%之间,其母岩浆形成过程中遭受低程度的地壳物质混染,并经历了斜长石的堆晶作用和较弱的橄榄石和单斜辉石的结晶分异作用。结合区域已有地质资料,本文认为塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格地区在古生代中期经历了南天山洋南向俯冲过程,橄榄辉长岩产于主动大陆边缘环境,该时期大陆地壳生长方式为垂向生长,指示塔里木北缘具有增生造山带的属性。