冻融循环作用下土体结构演化规律及其工程性质改变机理

寒区工程被破坏的最主要原因之一就是冻融循环作用,冻融循环过程可导致土的工程性质发生较大的变化,进而导致寒区工程设施产生变形,甚至失稳。对冻融循环作用下土的结构、基本物理性质以及力学性质进行了分析和总结。研究发现：冻融循环作用后土颗粒之间的原有结构被破坏,从而形成新的结构,土中团粒会发生分裂和团聚作用,团粒粒径向均一性趋势发展,并且在不同的内部及外部条件下,土会产生不同的构造;冻融循环后,土的渗透性增大,塑性指数减小。松散土和密实土的密度以及孔隙比具有不同的变化趋势,并且可使无湿陷性的黄土状土中大孔隙增加并产生湿陷性。土的力学性质变化趋势不一,一方面这与土的构造变化直接相关,另一方面冻融循环试验方法的不同也是引起研究结果差异性较大的重要原因。因此,需要建立冻融循环作用下土工程性质变异性的判定方法、评价及预测体系,而这些也可能成为未来研究工作的方向。     

ENSO cycle and climate anomaly in China

The inter-annual variability of the tropical Pacific Subsurface Ocean Temperature Anomaly (SOTA) and the associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over the Asian North Pacific during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) atmospheric reanalysis data and simple ocean data simulation (SODA). The relationship between the ENSO and the climate of China was revealed. The main results indicated the following: 1) there are two ENSO modes acting on the subsurface tropical Pacific. The first mode is related to the mature phase of ENSO, which mainly appears during winter. The second mode is associated with a transition stage of the ENSO developing or decaying, which mainly occurs during summer; 2) during the mature phase of El Ni o, the meridionality of the atmosphere in the mid-high latitude increases, the Aleutian low and high pressure ridge over Lake Baikal strengthens, northerly winds prevail in northern China, and precipitation in northern China decreases significantly. The ridge of the Ural High strengthens during the decaying phase of El Ni o, as atmospheric circulation is sustained during winter, and the northerly wind anomaly appears in northern China during summer. Due to the ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the western Pacific, the western Pacific Subtropical High becomes weaker, and south-southeasterly winds prevail over southern China. As a result, less rainfall occurs over northern China and more rainfall over the Changjiang River basin and the southwestern and eastern region of Inner Mongolia. The flood disaster that occurred south of Changjiang River can be attributed to this. The La Ni a event causes an opposite, but weaker effect; 3) the ENSO cycle can influence climate anomalies within China via zonal and meridional heat transport. This is known as the "atmospheric-bridge", where the energy anomaly within the tropical Pacific transfers to the mid-high latitude in the northern Pacific through Hadley cells and Rossby waves, and to the western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. This research also discusses the special air-sea boundary processes during the ENSO events in the tropical Pacific, and indicates that the influence of the subsurface water of the tropical Pacific on the atmospheric circulation may be realized through the sea surface temperature anomalies of the mixed water, which contact the atmosphere and transfer the anomalous heat and moisture to the atmosphere directly. Moreover, the reason for the heavy flood within the Changjiang River during the summer of 1998 is reviewed in this paper.     

Microbial activity and biogeochemical cycling in a nutrient-rich meromictic acid pit lake

Microbial activity, abundance and biomass, and biogeochemical cycling of iron, sulphur and carbon were studied in the extremely acidic (pH 2.5-4.3), meromictic, nutrient-rich pit lake Cueva de la Mora in Spain. The goal was to find out (1) if the relatively high nutrient content influenced plankton abundance in the water column and alkalinity-producing microbial processes in the sediments compared to other acid pit lakes, and (2) if sediments in the shallow, mixed and the deep, stagnant parts of the lake exhibited differences in microbial activities and geochemical sediment composition related to meromixis. We hypothesised that redox cycling was more intense in the mixed part and higher amounts of reduced components would accumulate in the stagnant part. Especially phytoplankton biomass, CO₂ production, and sulphate reduction were indeed higher than reported from typical acid pit lakes and were rather within the range of neutral or weakly acidic lakes, which can be attributed to the relatively high nutrient contents of Cueva de la Mora. Even in the monimolimnion, anaerobic processes occurred mainly in the sediments. Sediments from the mixed and stagnant parts of the lake differed markedly in their biogeochemistry. Mixolimnetic sediments showed high iron and sulphate reduction rates, and they appeared to undergo substantial recycling, as supported by reactive Fe, relation between gross sulphate reduction rate and net accumulation of reduced sulphur, and viable counts of iron and sulphur bacteria. Monimolimnetic sediments exhibited lower anaerobic microbial activities, and surprisingly they accumulated more Fe(II) than mixolimnetic sediments, but less reduced sulphur and carbon. This might be explained by a strong separation of the two water bodies, resulting in comparably less input of energy (light) and allochthonous matter into the monimolimnion. Regarding the total extent of alkalinity-generating microbial processes, their net effect is not sufficient to neutralise the lake within decades.     

控制论与人工影响天气 III: 自然控制论在人工增雨作业中的应用框架

应用自然控制论的理论方法,提出人工增雨作业和效果检验的框架.它将事前和作业进行过程中的观测和预报、调控方案(滚动式的和有反馈回路的)、作业和效果检验紧密联系成一个整体系统,将调控方案提为最优化问题,并把不断的观测资料同化到滚动式预报模式和求优化之中.所提出的一种效果检验方法是比较客观和定量的.     

Evidence for Long-term Retrograde Motions of Sunspot Patterns and Indications of Coupled g-mode Rotation Rates

Solar g-modes are global oscillations that would exist primarily in the radiative zone (RZ) and would be excited by either convective overshoot or nuclear burning in the core. Wolff and O’Donovan (Astrophys. J. 661, 568, 2007) proposed a non-linear coupling of g-modes into groups that share the same harmonic degree ℓ. Each group (denoted set(ℓ)) exhibits a unique retrograde rotation rate with respect to the RZ that depends mainly on ℓ. The coupling yields a standing wave (nearly stationary in longitude) that has two angularly defined hot spots offset from the equator on opposite sides of the Sun that would deposit energy asymmetrically in the lower convective envelope (CE). It is anticipated that when two or more groups overlap in longitude, an increase in local heating would influence the distribution of sunspots. In this paper, we scanned a multitude of rotational reference frames for sunspot clustering to test for frames that are concordant with the rotation of these g-modes sets. To achieve this, spherical harmonic filtering of sunspot synoptic maps was used to extract patterns consistent with coalesced g-modes. The latitude band, with minimal differential rotation, was sampled from each filtered synoptic map and layered into a stackplot. This was progressively shifted, line-by-line, into different rotational reference frames. We have detected long-lived longitudinal alignments, spanning 90 years of solar cycles, which are consistent with the rotation rate of the deep solar interior as well as other rotational frames predicted by the coupled g-mode model. Their sidereal rotation rates of 370.0, 398.8, 412.7, 418.3, 421.0, 424.2 and 430.0 nHz correspond, respectively, to coupled g-modes for ℓ = 2 through 7 and G, where G is a set with high ℓ values or a group of such sets (unresolved) that rotate almost as fast as the RZ. While the clustering in these reference frames offers new approaches for studying the longitudinal behavior of solar activity, it tentatively leads to the more profound conclusion that a portion of the driving force for sunspot occurrence is linked to energy extracted from the solar core and deposited at the top of the RZ by solar g-modes.     

天然饱水-失水对三峡库岸边坡土体的影响研究

三峡水库运行后水位周期性涨落,导致边坡土体在天然条件下长期处于被库水饱和-失水-再饱和的交替过程。分析2005－2009年库区水位变化,以及边坡土体在库水涨落被饱水-失水的次数与时间长度,分时段采集三峡库区库岸石榴树包滑坡堆积土样,分析其化学和矿物成分,观察土体微观结构,探索天然饱水-失水过程中水-岩相互作用对库岸边坡土体的影响和力学效应作用规律。研究结果表明,天然饱水-失水过程对库岸不同高程土体的化学组成和物理结构影响显著,其中172 m高程比168 m高程处受饱水-失水过程的影响较大。饱水-失水作用后,土体中SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O成分的含量上升,CaO、烧失量含量下降,土体的结构由致密的斑块状结构逐渐变成散乱的絮凝状结构,对库岸土体的力学效应产生了巨大的影响。     

GPS三频非差观测数据周跳的自动探测与改正研究

在GPS三频非差观测数据的处理中,由于伪距噪声的影响,利用原始的伪距和载波相位观测数据估计的模糊度误差比较大,不能用于探测和改正周跳。对原始观测数据进行平滑或适当的组合处理,可降低观测噪声的影响。因此,本文选择合适的经过平滑或组合处理后的观测数据作为探测周跳的检验量,探测并改正单个频点上的周跳。在分析了一般周跳的特点并在研究双频周跳自动探测与改正方法基础上,提出了选取检验量的四条基本原则。最后,依此原则选取了三个观测值组合作为周跳检验量,利用该组检验量实现三频非差观测数据周跳的自动探测与改正。     

Spectroscopic studies of synthetic and natural ringwoodite, γ-(Mg,Fe)<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Synthetic ringwoodite γ-(Mg_1?x Fe _x )₂SiO₄ of 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 compositions and variously colored micro-grains of natural ringwoodite in shock metamorphism veins of thin sections of two S6-type chondrites were studied by means of microprobe analysis, TEM and optical absorption spectroscopy. Three synthetic samples were studied in addition with Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra consist of two doublets caused by ^VIFe²⁺ and ^VIFe³⁺, with IS and QS parameters close to those established elsewhere (e.g., O’Neill et al. in Am Mineral 78:456–460, 1993). The Fe³⁺/Fe_total ratio evaluated by curve resolution of the spectra, ranges from 0.04 to 0.1. Optical absorption spectra of all synthetic samples studied are qualitatively very similar as they are directly related to the iron content. They differ mostly in the intensity of the observed absorption features. The spectra consist of a very strong high-energy absorption edge and a series of absorption bands of different width and intensity. The three strongest and broadest absorptions of them are attributed to splitting of electronic spin-allowed ⁵ T _2g → ⁵ E _g transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ and intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) transition between ferrous and ferric ions in adjacent octahedral sites of the ringwoodite structure. The spin-allowed bands at ca. 8,000 and 11,500 cm^?1 weakly depend on temperature, whilst the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT band at ~16,400 cm^?1 displays very strong temperature dependence: i.e., with increasing temperature it decreases and practically disappears at about 497 K, a behavior typical for bands of this type. With increasing pressure the absorption edge shifts to lower energies while the spin-allowed bands shift to higher energy and strongly decreases in intensity. The IVCT band also strongly weakens and vanishes at about 9 GPa. We assigned this effect to pressure-induced reduction of Fe³⁺ in ringwoodite. By analogy with synthetic samples three broad bands in spectra of natural (meteoritic) blue ringwoodite are assigned to electronic spin-allowed transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ (the bands at ~8,600 and ~12,700 cm^?1) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT transition (~18,100 cm^?1), respectively. Spectra of colorless ringwoodite of the same composition consist of a single broad band at ca. 12,000 cm^?1. It is assumed that such ringwoodite grains are inverse (Fe, Mg)₂SiO₄-spinels and that the single band is caused by the split spin-allowed ⁵ E → ⁵ T ₂ transition of ^IVFe²⁺. Ringwoodite of intermediate color variations between dark-blue and colorless are assumed to be partly inversed ringwoodite. No glassy material between the grain boundaries in the natural colored ringwoodite aggregates was found in our samples and disprove the cause of the coloration to be due to light scattering effect (Lingemann and Stöffler in Lunar Planet Sci 29(1308), 1998).     

Characterisation of the environmental impact of the Rodalquilar mine,Spain by ground-based reflectance spectroscopy

This study has investigated the utility of using field-based reflectance spectroscopy to characterise the distribution and nature of the dispersion of tailings material from the Rodalquilar mine, Spain. Field spectral measurements covering the visible to shortwave infrared wavelengths (0.35 to 2.5 m) and laboratory analyses were performed on samples collected along the length of the main river within the Rodalquilar valley. The nature and degree of contamination at locations within the river channel were calculated by a range of spectrometric analyses. The resulting mineral maps identified that tailings material with significant amounts of hematite with minor jarosite, ferrihydrite and goethite, and clays, primarily alunite and kaolinite, with minor smectite and illite, had been dispersed along the length of the river. These results have been used to improve understanding of the erosion and remediation history of the Rodalquilar mine. This study has shown the potential of field-based reflectance spectroscopy, integrated with ground positioning and digital mapping systems, as a real-time mapping methodology enabling immediate, accurate characterisation of the nature and scale of tailings material dispersion.     

40～30 ka BP中国特殊暖湿气候与环境的发现与研究过程的回顾

40～30 ka BP在过去被认为是末次冰期的间冰阶,温度稍高,但仍在冰期内.20世纪90年代西昆仑山古里雅冰芯记录研究首次指出,当时气温可能高出现代4℃,即为以前所不知的间冰期.追踪同期湖泊沉积,孢粉与古生物,黄土与沙漠地区古土壤,石灰岩洞穴中石笋,古河道,滨海地区海相沉积等多种记录,集成研究表明,当时青藏高原与西北干旱区有许多淡水大湖,降水量远比现代丰沛,导致外流水系扩大,如青海境内的黄河上游水系形成.暖湿的气候条下,森林分布区向北向西大范围扩展,华南热带喜湿热的陆均松(Dacrydium sp.)北界移至22°～24°N,表明当时热带气温高于现代2℃左右,降水量也有较大增加.长江下游石笋资料和北方半干旱、半湿润区的植物、古土壤、河道沉积资料均表示降水增加,森林覆盖度大.由于冰川和极地冰盖萎缩,海平面上升,给合若干地区地面沉降,海河下游、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲均出现相当规模的海侵.上述涉及全中国的特殊暖湿环境的形成与地球轨道运行岁差周期变化导致中低纬度日射增强,致使温度升高,季风区与西风带降水量都有显著增加关系密切,而植被改善又对温度和湿度有正反馈作用.