离子注入对农杆菌介导将大豆球蛋白基因转入杨柴愈伤组织的影响

以杨柴愈伤组织为材料,研究了低能离子束注入对农杆菌介导将11S大豆球蛋白基因Gy3(A1aB1b)转入杨柴愈伤组织的影响。杨柴愈伤组织经离子束注入处理后以根癌农杆菌侵染,通过GUS报告基因表达的组织化学染色分析和PCR检测,发现离子注入显著增强了根癌农杆菌对愈伤组织的侵染转化效率,初步证明大豆基因已整合到杨柴基因组中。     

The origin of hydrous,high-δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O voluminous volcanism: diverse oxygen isotope values and high magmatic water contents within the volcanic record of Klyuchevskoy volcano,Kamchatka, Russia

Klyuchevskoy volcano, in Kamchatka’s subduction zone, is one of the most active arc volcanoes in the world and contains some of the highest δ¹⁸O values for olivines and basalts. We present an oxygen isotope and melt inclusion study of olivine phenocrysts in conjunction with major and trace element analyses of ¹⁴C- and tephrochronologically-dated tephra layers and lavas spanning the eruptive history of Klyuchevskoy. Whole-rock and groundmass analyses of tephra layers and lava samples demonstrate that both high-Mg (7–12.5 wt% MgO) and high-Al (17–19 wt% Al₂O₃, 3–6.5 wt% MgO) basalt and basaltic andesite erupted coevally from the central vent and flank cones. Individual and bulk olivine δ¹⁸O range from normal MORB values of 5.1‰ to values as high as 7.6‰. Likewise, tephra and lava matrix glass have high-δ¹⁸O values of 5.8–8.1‰. High-Al basalts dominate volumetrically in Klyuchevskoy’s volcanic record and are mostly high in δ¹⁸O. High-δ¹⁸O olivines and more normal-δ¹⁸O olivines occur in both high-Mg and high-Al samples. Most olivines in either high-Al or high-Mg basalts are not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with their host glasses, and Δ¹⁸O_{olivine–glass} values are out of equilibrium by up to 1.5‰. Olivines are also out of Fe–Mg equilibrium with the host glasses, but to a lesser extent. Water concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from five tephra samples range from 0.4 to 7.1 wt%. Melt inclusion CO₂ concentrations vary from below detection (<50 ppm) to 1,900 ppm. These values indicate depths of crystallization up to ~17 km (5 kbar). The variable H₂O and CO₂ concentrations likely reflect crystallization of olivine and entrapment of inclusions in ascending and degassing magma. Oxygen isotope and Fe–Mg disequilibria together with melt inclusion data indicate that olivine was mixed and recycled between high-Al and high-Mg basaltic melts and cumulates, and Fe–Mg and δ¹⁸O re-equilibration processes were incomplete. Major and trace elements in the variably high-δ¹⁸O olivines suggest a peridotite source for the parental magmas. Voluminous, highest in the world with respect to δ¹⁸O, and hydrous basic volcanism in Klyuchevskoy and other Central Kamchatka depression volcanoes is explained by a model in which the ascending primitive melts that resulted from the hydrous melt fluxing of mantle wedge peridotite, interacted with the shallow high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle that had been extensively hydrated during earlier times when it was part of the Kamchatka forearc. Following accretion of the Eastern Peninsula terrains several million years ago, a trench jump eastward caused the old forearc mantle to be beneath the presently active arc. Variable interaction of ascending flux-melting-derived melts with this older, high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle has produced mafic parental magmas with a spectrum of δ¹⁸O values. Differentiation of the higher δ¹⁸O parental magmas has created the volumetrically dominant high-Al basalt series. Both basalt types incessantly rise and mix between themselves and with variable in δ¹⁸O cumulates within dynamic Klyuchevskoy magma plumbing system, causing biannual eruptions and heterogeneous magma products. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Thermosphere–ionosphere response at middle and high latitudes during perturbed conditions: A case study

Neutral gas composition and ionospheric measurements taken by the Dynamic Explorer 2 satellite at F2-region heights (280–300 km) during an intense geomagnetic storm (peak Dst=−187 nT) were used to analyze the role of some possible physical mechanisms responsible for the changes of electron density at high and middle latitudes. The storm considered in this study occurred on 26 September 1982. The main features observed were increases of electron density during the initial stages of the storm at middle latitudes; followed by decreases of electron density at high and mid-high latitudes during the main phase of the storm and the first phase of the recovery. Delayed increases of electron density during the recovery phase have also been observed at mid-high latitudes (50–60°). Several mechanisms were discussed in explaining the features observed for the electron density variations.     

Dispersion Potential of Selected Iowa Lake Sediments as Influenced by Dissolved and Solid‐phase Constituents

Critics charge that agricultural managers routinely overdose their fields with chemical N and P to levels that exceed the soil's capacity to adsorb these materials, creating a situation that promotes hypoxia in Iowa lakes. Soil colloidal particles, capable of forming complexes with inorganic and organic N and P, control the equilibrium concentration of dissolved nutrients in lake waters. However, it should be realized that adsorbed nutrients also exhibit strong influences on the potential of sediments to undergo dispersion, a condition that may directly impact nutrient bioavailability. Thus, direct links may exist between adsorbed nutrient compositions and flocculation/dispersion properties of lake colloidal material. This paper presents work involving four Iowa lakes undertaken to determine relationships between ion composition and the dispersion potential of sediments. Surface waters and lake‐bottom grab samples were collected at three separate collection times from August to October. Samples were characterized for dissolved and adsorbed cations. Dispersion potential of each water sample was characterized by relating the total suspended solids concentration to the absorbance at 560 nm. It was found that sediment dispersion was easily predictable by a simple yet significant linear correlation with the concentration ratio of Na (CR_Na = [Na]/[Ca]^–1/2) in solution. This correlation was further improved by including Na concentration, CR_K, electrical conductivity, temperature, and solution P concentrations into the model. Nonlinear inter‐dependences were found between TSS and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and adsorbed Na, K, P, and heavy metals. Our analysis suggests that solution/solid phase constituents influenced the dispersion behavior of sediments through subtle manipulations of the excess surface charge.     

Permselective Membrane Fouling During Azo Dye Wastewater Treatment

A Na‐montmorillonite membrane wastewater renovation prototype system was developed to specifically treat an ionic azo dye. Efficiency of this prototype system was limited to membrane fouling. Fouling rates were not consistently uniform owing to steric effects and competition for exchange sites. The decrease in solute rejection with time can be attributed to the decrease in the relative permeability of the compacted Na‐montmorillonite membrane to the dye with time due to fouling. This decrease occurs probably as a two‐step nucleation–growth mechanism with the nucleation part dependent in part on solvent flux, number of nucleation sites on the membrane, and sorbed mass part that controls solute flux and organic polymerization. The effect of concentration polarization was significant since the flux was higher than the mass‐transfer coefficient. The low diffusion coefficient of the ionic azo dye resulted in low mass transfer coefficients. The most important macromolecular solution properties to be considered for pilot systems may include high concentration‐dependent viscosity, possible non‐Newtonian fluid behavior, and low and concentration‐dependent self‐diffusivity amongst other factors. For pilot systems, the greater the quantity of large macromolecules in the ambient water, the greater the necessity of reducing the permselectivity of the membrane to prevent significant polarization.     

Ambient air dry deposition and ionic species analysis by using various deposition collectors in Shalu, central Taiwan

This study describes the chemical composition of dry deposition collected at a highway traffic site in central Taiwan during daytime and nighttime periods by using a dry deposition plate (DDP) and water surface sampler (WSS). In addition, the characterization for mass and water-soluble species of total suspended particulate (TSP), both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, was studied at the study site from August 22 to November 30, 2006. Dry deposition fluxes of ambient air particulates and inorganic species (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻) were analyzed by Ion Chromatography (DIONEX-100).Results of the particulate dry deposition fluxes and mass concentrations are higher in the water surface sampler with respect to the dry deposition plate used in this study. Statistical results also showed the average dry deposition flux of the ionic species (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻) obtained by the DDP and WSS displayed significant differences. Also, the average concentrations of Mg²⁺ and, Ca²⁺ were statistically the same at this study site.     

CBERS-02B多光谱数据在城市不透水面 估算中的可用性研究

以厦门岛为研究区,以CBERS-02B的CCD影像为数据源,采用基于可变端元的线性光谱混合模型估算了城市不 透水面组分含量,并探讨了该方法的实现过程与优势。通过端元评估确定了研究区的４个典型端元,即高反射不透水 面、低反射不透水面、高反射土壤和植被。在此基础上,以高、低反射不透水面端元的组分含量对城市不透水面含量 进行估算。精度评价结果显示：基于可变端元的方法要优于一般带全约束法;而在混合像元分解过程中加入全色波段 （band5）有助于提高模型估算精度,使得在像元尺度的精度与采用Landsat的已有报道相近,而在土地利用单元尺度实 现了对城市不透水面的无偏估计。研究实例也表明,尽管目前CBERS-02B数据在辐射定标和地理定位等方面还有待改 进,通过采用适当的处理过程和技术手段,依然能利用该数据对城市不透水面进行有效估算。     

中国雾水化学研究进展

1980年以来,中国雾水化学研究发展迅速.在城市、高山和海边广泛地开展了雾的观测试验和云雾水的取样分析,研究了各地云雾水的酸度和酸雾的来源,分析了不同地区雾水化学组分的基本特征.许多雾的综合观测试验,在对雾水连续取样的同时,还连续观测了与雾水化学相关的要素,研究了影响雾水化学组分浓度的主要因子.文中总结了近30年来中国...     

北大别黄土岭麻粒岩锆石U—Pb离子探针定年

阴极发光显微结构分析表明 ,北大别黄土岭麻粒岩中存在三种类型的锆石 :原岩锆石、麻粒岩相锆石和残留锆石。对它们分别进行离子探针定年 ,得到黄土岭麻粒岩的原岩年龄约为 2 70 0 Ma、麻粒岩相变质事件的年龄为 2 0 5 2± 10 0 Ma、残留锆石的年龄为约 3.4 Ga。以上研究表明黄土岭麻粒岩为残存的扬子板块的结晶基底 ,而约 3.4 Ga残留锆石的发现 ,则首次证明大别山地区存在古太古代的陆壳物质     

水体悬浮颗粒物主要组分的萃取分离及重金属的分布特征

为了考察悬浮颗粒物中主要组分对重金属的富集作用,采用选择性萃取法分离长春市伊通河和南湖悬浮颗粒物中的铁、锰氧化物,优化了萃取条件,测定了悬浮颗粒物中的铁、锰氧化物和有机质等组分中富集Cu,Pb和Zn的含量,分析了上述3种重金属在悬浮颗粒物主要组分中的分布特征。结果表明,0.006 mol/L NH2OH.HCl 0.01 mol/L HNO3萃取30 min可以单独萃取悬浮颗粒物中大部分的锰氧化物,0.8 mol/L Na2S2O4(pH=6.0)萃取40 min可以同时萃取铁、锰氧化物,而对非目的组分的影响较小;悬浮颗粒物对Cu、Pb、Zn重金属有明显的富集作用,其中Cu主要结合在悬浮颗粒物的有机质组分中,Pb主要富集在铁、锰氧化物中,锰氧化物和有机质对Zn的分布起主要的富集作用。