Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches

To understand the spatial variation in concentrations and compositions of organic micropollutants in marine plastic debris and their sources, we analyzed plastic fragments (∼10 mm) from the open ocean and from remote and urban beaches. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alkylphenols and bisphenol A were detected in the fragments at concentrations from 1 to 10,000 ng/g. Concentrations showed large piece-to-piece variability. Hydrophobic organic compounds such as PCBs and PAHs were sorbed from seawater to the plastic fragments. PCBs are most probably derived from legacy pollution. PAHs showed a petrogenic signature, suggesting the sorption of PAHs from oil slicks. Nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and PBDEs came mainly from additives and were detected at high concentrations in some fragments both from remote and urban beaches and the open ocean.     

《国际汉语能力标准》中值得商榷的地方——兼与《欧洲语言共同参考框架:学习、教学、评估》比较

通过对《国际汉语能力标准》的考察,同时与《欧洲语言共同参考框架:学习、教学、评估》比较,发现《国际汉语能力标准》存在三个方面的问题:结构不合理、内容有缺失以及评级等级标准不科学,以此研究结果为《国际汉语能力标准》的修订提供参考。     

The role of international environmental instruments in enhancing transboundary marine protected areas: An approach in East Africa

The increasing degradation of marine ecosystems has led to multiple calls for greater protection through the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). If created at the ecosystem or ecoregion level, MPAs will likely straddle maritime boundaries and therefore necessitate international cooperation. International environmental law and international law of the sea may facilitate cooperation between States in creating transboundary MPAs. The extent to which this body of law is actually or potentially useful for the establishment of transboundary MPAs is examined in the context of the East African Marine Ecoregion, focusing on Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania. A general survey and assessment of the applicable global, regional, and bilateral instruments in relation to the three States is conducted. Although some global instruments are relevant in the East African context, regional and bilateral instruments are more conducive to the establishment of transboundary MPAs. The article concludes that although a trilateral agreement between Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania would be an ideal vehicle for the establishment of a transboundary network of MPAs addressing both national and ecoregional conservation interests, a separate solution at each border will be the first step towards this goal.     

International co-operation on Rhine water quality 1945-2008: An example to follow?

The management of the Rhine is often seen as an exemplary case of international river basin management. In the Rhine basin, countries that went to war with each other twice in the last century have managed to reach agreements on many issues and water quality has improved considerably. The improvement in water quality is often attributed to the activities of the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine and in particular to its Rhine Action Plan. In order to test this assertion, this paper describes and analyzes the development of international co-operation on the water quality of the Rhine since 1945. It concludes that water quality improvement cannot be attributed to any single factor. Instead, a whole array of interrelated factors are at play, including the European Union, other international fora such as the North Sea Ministerial Conferences, domestic legislation, the activities of environmental NGOs and waterworks, growing environmental awareness, and the changing structure of the industry in the basin. Because of the importance of contextual factors, the Rhine experiences cannot simply be applied to basins with a different context. In many cases, international river basin management may be promoted most effectively by promoting co-operation at the river basin level. In many other cases, however, it may be more effective to identify and then work on the contextual factors that (1) have the biggest leverage effect in the specific case and (2) can be influenced most effectively.     

都市农业加工型企业的发展机理与模式

都市农业是城市化进程中崭新的农业形态,但缺乏对其组织形式和生产方式的实证研究。本文基于对互润(国际)食品集团的调查实例,详细分析了都市农业加工型企业的成长机理,指出制度平台、政府行为和社区沟通是企业发展的外层机理,是企业平稳运行的基础;生产经营活动及其不断的扩张构成了企业发展的内层机理;创新和企业管理及市场的内、外部控制所形成的内核机理是企业发展的核心动力。据此,文章总结了都市农业加工型企业的发展模式,并就都市农业加工型企业如何发展提出了建议。     

第32届国际地质大会构造地质研究进展综述

第32届国际地质大会系统地反映了构造地质学近年来研究的最新成果。这些成果概括起来包括下列5个方面的内容。（1）构造变形与沉积作用：重点是不同构造体制,如伸展、挤压（包括斜压）体制下,各构造区域的构造+沉积关系,在利用层序地层等进行定量的构造反演方面,取得了重要进展;（2）挤压作用下的构造样式：这一传统构造地质学的研究内容仍然为构造地质学家所关注,如薄皮构造与厚皮构造在碰撞和非碰撞造山作用方面的表现样式;（3）山链内构造反转过程和构造的继承：描述经历了变形体制转换的区域运动学演化,是构造地质学研究的前缘课题;（4）大陆边缘前陆逆冲+褶皱的形成：特别强调盆地-山脉的藕合关系;（5）高应变带的研究及技术方法：包括制图、模型、实验方法和材料等。     

地磁学、古地磁学和环境磁学的研究新进展——第32届国际地质大会学科总结和评述

第32届国际地质大会接受关于地磁学、古地磁学、环境磁学方面的摘要120余篇,主要内容涉及：（1）古地磁学在古大陆再造中的应用;（2）地磁场倒转和长期变的理论、观测和应用以及磁性地层学;（3）磁化率测量在地层划分和对比中的应用;（4）气候变化的环境磁学证据;（5）环境污染监测的环境磁学方法等研究领域。此外,磁法勘探也有很好的成果展出。基于物质磁学和地磁学的方法技术在日益广阔的地学研究领域中有很好的应用前景。     

Rural Self-Reliance in Bondolfi, Zimbabwe: the role of beekeeping

Community-based economic self-reliance has become critical in many African countries because of the severity of prevailing soci-economic and environmental constraints. Concerns over food security have encouraged a re-evaluation of the importance of indigenous technical knowledge. This study examines a rural area in Zimbabwe where members of the local community have established a successful beekeeping association to improve their livelihoods. The history of the initiative, its broader impact on the community and the role played by external facilitation feature in the study.     

泛珠江三角洲区域经济开放的趋势分析

通过分析泛珠江三角洲地域结构演变对区域经济开放的影响和九省区(除两个特别行政区)国际开放度、区际开放度的测算结果及排名对比,探讨了中国式区域经济开放模式及制度和转型经济下该区域经济开放的路径。即从目前测算结果来看,泛珠江三角洲区域经济二元化开放整体上依然是国际开放度大于区际开放度,然而从地缘结构演变、国际国内和区际环境以及地缘优势来看,该区域在今后长远发展趋势上将会呈现出区际开放大于国际开放的趋势。这一分析结果印证了泛珠江三角洲经济圈的建立,顺应了当今世界经济和中国经济发展之大势。     

从第34届国际水文地质大会看水文地质学发展趋势(代序)

第34届国际水文地质大会于2006年10月9-13日在北京召开,来自56个国家和地区的567名代表参加了会议.这次会议的大会学术报告和九个分专题会场交流集中反映出当前国际水文地质学科发展的若干热点领域和重要发展方向,与会各国专家对地下水水质安全与污染修复、地下水补给机制和生态功能、地下水勘察评价的技术发展等领域给与了更多关注,反映这些领域是当前地下水研究的热点,说明水文地质学科的发展明显转向解决社会广泛关注的现实的应用性问题,包括维持生态系统、维护水质安全、防止地质灾害等方面,特别是这些问题与城市发展、农村脱贫、矿业基地、重大工程建设的结合.同位素、数值模拟和其他地下水勘察、评价、开发技术的快速发展,为更好地认识、利用和管理含水层系统,服务于上述应用性目标提供了保障.IAH将今后工作的重点放在亚洲地区,对跨边界含水层管理等问题十分关注.媒体的集中报道反映出水文地质工作与社会的结合已经相当紧密.