红海湾养殖水域营养盐消长与温度、盐度、浮游植物量的关系

红海湾海水养殖水域的营养盐、盐度、温度、浮游植物和叶绿素的观测结果表明,该水域中氨氮、亚硝酸盐及磷酸盐的消长受水系混合所制约。春季硝酸盐、氨氮和秋季磷酸盐与浮游植物之间存在着负相关,秋季表层叶绿素与营养盐（除氨外）存在着正相关,而底层叶绿素与营养盐存在密切负相关     

对虾养殖池水域环境细菌的动态变化

于1990年6月下旬-10月初期间，每隔7－10d在大连市金州区董家沟镇养虾场突池定点采样一次，3h内带回实验室进行细菌培养计数，研究对虾养殖池水域环境中细菌的动态变化。结果表明，对虾养殖池水中异养菌和弧菌的数量变化与水温的变化趋势相同；6—7月末，细菌增长比较缓慢；8月初开始，细菌数量增长较快，8月中旬达到全年的最高值，异养菌为3．4×105cell／ml，弧菌为1．9×105cell／ml；而后随着水温的下降，水中细菌逐渐减少。底记泥浆中，细菌数量一直呈上升趋势，不受水温的影响；异养菌最高达6×107cell／ml，弧菌达1．5×106cell／ml。     

Effect of sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) grazing on coastal sediments impacted by mussel farm deposition

Deposit-feeding holothurians are important processors of surface sediments in many coastal marine systems. The present study examined the effect of grazing by the sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis on sediment impacted by green-lipped mussel biodeposits (faeces and pseudofaeces) from coastal aquaculture activities. Grazing effects were investigated in a series of tank-based feeding experiments conducted over 1, 2, 4 and 8 week periods. Sediment quality indicators routinely applied to determine the impacts of coastal aquaculture were used to evaluate sediment health from grazed and ungrazed sediments. Sea cucumber grazing resulted in reductions in total organic carbon, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment, as well as chlorophyll a/phaeopigment ratio of impacted sediments. These results demonstrate that sea cucumber grazing significantly reduces the accumulation of both organic carbon and phytopigments associated with biodeposition from mussel farms. Sea cucumber grazing offers a means of constraining or reversing the pollutive impacts of coastal bivalve aquaculture.     

Floating marine debris in fjords, gulfs and channels of southern Chile

Floating marine debris (FMD) is reported from all oceans. The bulk of FMD are plastics, which due to their longevity cause multiple negative impacts on wildlife and environment. Identifying the origins of FMD (land- or sea-based) is important to take the necessary steps to diminish their abundance. Using ship surveys we examined the abundance, composition and distribution of FMD during the years 2002-2005 in the fjords, gulfs and channels of southern Chile. Abundances of FMD were relatively high compared with other studies, ranging from 1 to 250 items km⁻². The majority (∼80%) of FMD was composed of styrofoam (expanded polystyrene), plastic bags and plastic fragments. Styrofoam, which is intensively used as floatation device by mussel farms, was very abundant in the northern region but rarely occurred in the southern region of the study area. Food sacks from salmon farms were also most common in the northern region, where ∼85% of the total Chilean mussel and salmon harvest is produced. Plastic bags, which could be from land- or sea-based sources, were found throughout the entire study area. Our results indicate that sea-based activities (mussel farming and salmon aquaculture) are responsible for most FMD in the study area. In order to reduce FMDs in the environment, in addition to stronger legislation and identification of potential sources, we suggest environmental education programs and we encourage public participation (e.g. in beach surveys and clean-ups).     

Vertical structure of tidal current in a typically coastal raft-culture area

In this paper vertical structure of tidal current in a typically coastal raft-culture area is discussed by field measurement and a numerical model. The observations show that the vertical structure changed dramatically. A tidal surface boundary layer (SBL) is well formed due to the frictional effects induced by extensive, high-density suspended culture as surface obstruction. Both the aquaculture drag and the bottom friction are much higher than those in non-raft-culture areas, and show an obvious variation with tidal flow. The significant earlier ebbing and earlier flooding appear in the upper water column instead of the seabed. And the maximal phase lag is about 1 h within one tide cycle. A 1D hydrodynamic model was modified to include the SBL and parameterized with the field data. It replicated the observed velocity profile and was then used to investigate the impacts of varying culture density and bottom friction on the vertical tidal-current structure. Modeling results indicate that the surface current velocity was largely damped because culture activities enhanced the frictional effects on flow intensively. The magnitude and vertical structure of tidal current are determined together with aquaculture drag and bottom friction. In addition, the vertical velocity structure has a nonlinear trend along with culture density and bottom friction. This study is a theoretical foundation for optimizing aquaculture configuration through regulating culture density and species distribution.     

间歇施肥对龙须菜的生长和化学组成的影响

于１９８４年５－７月在青岛麦岛氮营养盐贫瘠的海区,对人工养殖的龙须菜进行间歇施肥现场实验。结果表明,龙须菜可以在短时间里快速吸睡氮盐并累积在藻体内以用于生长;经间歇施肥的藻体生长较快,产量较对照组的高８８％;藻化学组成分析结果显示,龙须菜体内含氮化合物和碳水化合物组成呈现负相关变化,存在氮低糖高,糖低氮高的现象。以上结果提示对氮盐贫瘠海区人工养殖的龙须菜间歇施肥,可以促进藻体生长,提高产量;在养殖     

Norwegian salmon-farming industry in transition: dislocation of decision control

There are three milestones in the organization of the Norwegian salmon-farming industry (NSFI). In 1969 the net-pen production technology was established, and formed the basis for all further organization. In 1978, the Fish-Farmers Sales Organization (FSO) was established, and the organizational and institutional apparatus were thus complete. In 1991 the FSO went bankrupt and major amendments in the aquaculture legislation - such as the removal of the ownership regulation - were made. This three-step development is analyzed along two dimensions: the effect of dislocation of decision control from the local level to remote actors, and the changes in the government's aquaculture policy. During the last 20 years the NSFI has changed from a single farm locally-owned industry to a structure of large corporations, while the governments' policy has changed from support to neutral tasks such as control and surveillance. In sum the local residents use rights of coastal areas is severely reduced.     

长江流域外来鲟入侵风险评估、适生区预测及影响因素分析

长江流域外来鲟的养殖规模庞大,养殖逃逸成为外来鲟进入长江流域的主要途径,影响本地鲟种群生存。根据世界鱼类数据库(FishBase),10种主要养殖的外来鲟中,西伯利亚鲟已被列为德国和奥地利的入侵物种,匙吻鲟已被列为白俄罗斯的入侵物种。为了评估长江流域外来鲟的入侵风险,量化流域内入侵风险最高的外来鲟的适生区,本文使用水生物种入侵性筛查工具(AS-ISK)评估10种主要养殖的外来鲟和5种相关鱼类(虹鳟、尼罗罗非鱼、斑点叉尾鮰、鲮和丁鱥)的入侵风险;使用最大熵算法,基于当前和未来时期(2021—2040年)气候模式下的生物气候变量以及海拔,对于入侵评分最高的外来鲟在流域内的适生区进行预测与分析。结果表明,匙吻鲟在外来鲟中入侵评分最高,表明其在长江流域入侵风险最高。适生区预测时,最热季降水量、年降水量、最热月份最高温度、最冷月份最低温度、昼夜温差的月平均值和降水季节性变异系数是影响匙吻鲟在长江流域分布的主要变量。当前时期,匙吻鲟在长江流域中下游地区具有较大范围的适生区,主要包含湖南、湖北、安徽和江西等省份的部分地区,其中Ⅲ级适生区(高适生区)面积约为2996.8 km²;...     

The influence of pearl oyster farming on reef fish abundance and diversity in Ahe,French Polynesia

Many cultured pearl farms are located in areas of the Pacific that have thriving, highly diverse fish communities but the impacts of farming on these communities are poorly understood. We studied the effects of pearl oyster farming on shore fish abundance and diversity in the lagoon of Ahe, French Polynesia by adapting roving diver census methods to the coral reef bommies of the lagoon and compared 16 sites with high pearl farming impact to others with no direct impact. Pearl farming has a slightly positive effect on reef fish abundance (N) and no significant impact on fish diversity (H) or community composition. This is important when considering the ecological sustainability of pearl farming in French Polynesia and suggests that a potential synergy between pearl farms and marine conservation should be further explored.     

Escaped introduced sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) infected by Sphaerospora testicularis (Myxozoa) reach maturity in coastal habitats off Canary Islands

Aquaculture activities have introduced European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) along the coasts of some of the Canary Islands. We present the first record of simultaneous male and female gonad maturation of escaped sea bass in the wild, indicating that this species is finding its essential fish habitat (EFH). Individuals with ripe gonads were only caught during January and February 2009, although the maturation and spawning season may last from November to February in the studied area (Tenerife island). Bass infected by Sphaerospora testicularis were found and the incidence of the parasite was checked. This represents the southernmost record of the parasite, probably introduced together with sea bass stock. The results are discussed from the point of view of risk assessment and the ecology of invasions being valuable for aquaculture management in Central North Atlantic and Mediterranean areas.