Study on the Bubble Growth and Departure with A Lattice Boltzmann Method

For the growth and departure of bubbles from an orifice, a free energy lattice Boltzmann model is adopted to deal with this complex multiphase flow phenomenon. A virtual layer is set at the boundary of the flow domain to deal with the no-slip boundary condition. Effects of the viscosity, surface tension, gas inertial force and buoyancy on the characteristics of bubbles when they grow and departure from an orifice in quiescent liquid are studied. The releasing period and departure diameter of the bubble are influenced by the residual gas at the orifice, and the interaction between bubbles is taken into consideration. The relations between the releasing period or departure diameter and the gravity acceleration show fair agreements with previous numerical and theoretical results. And the influence of the gas outflow velocity on bubble formation is discussed as well. For the bubbles growing in cross-flow field, effects of the cross-flow speed and the gas outflow velocity on the bubble formation are discussed, which is related to the application in ship resistance reduction. And optimal choice of the ship speed and gas outflow velocity is studied. Cases in this paper also prove that this high density ratio LBM model has its flexibility and effectiveness on multiphase flow simulations.     

基于长期密度试验的杉木人工林自然稀疏线研究（英文）

采用杉木人工同龄纯林26年连续观测数据,拟合Reineke(1933)经典的林分密度效应法则、Yoda(1963)基于欧几里德几何的自疏法则以及West, Brown和Enquist的分形几何(1997, 1999)。通过OLS、RMA和SFF算法得到7种枯损率区间(2%-80%, 5%-80%, 10%-80%, 15%-80%, 20%-80%, 25%-80%and 30%-80%)的自稀疏指数,对这些指数与考虑的几种法则相应指数进行验证。发现Reineke密度效应法则的指数显著区别于-1.605和-2,而不是预想的欧几里德分形几何结果。Yoda自疏法则指数在-3/2左右变动,但显著区别于-4/3。West、Brown和Enquist的分形几何式中指数参数既不趋向于8/3,亦不趋向于3。     

Self-thinning Rules at Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Plantations—Based on a Permanent Density Trial in Southern China

Data selection and methods for fitting coefficients were considered to test the self-thinning law. The Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in even-aged pure stands with 26 years of observation data were applied to fit Reineke’s (1933) empirically derived stand density rule (N $propto$ d¯ ^-1.605, N = numbers of stems, d¯ = mean diameter), Yoda’s (1963) self-thinning law based on Euclidian geometry (v¯ $propto$ N ^-3/2, v¯ = tree volume), and West, Brown and Enquist’s (1997, 1999) (WBE) fractal geometry (w¯ $propto$ d¯ ^-8/3). OLS, RMA and SFF algorithms provided observed self-thinning exponents with the seven mortality rate intervals (2%-80%, 5%-80%, 10%-80%, 15%-80%, 20%-80%, 25%-80% and 30%-80%), which were tested against the exponents, and expected by the rules considered. Hope for a consistent allometry law that ignores species-specific morphologic allometric and scale differences faded. Exponents α of N $propto$ d¯^α, were significantly different from -1.605 and -2, not expected by Euclidian fractal geometry; exponents β of w¯ $propto$ N^β varied around Yoda’s self-thinning slope -3/2, but was significantly different from -4/3; exponent γ of w¯ $propto$ d¯^γ tended to neither 8/3 nor 3.     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和卤代烃释放的影响

氯甲烷(CH_3Cl)、溴甲烷(CH_3Br)和碘甲烷(CH_3I)是挥发性卤代烃的3种主要成分,对温室效应和大气臭氧破坏有重要影响。由于海藻可以在一定条件下产生卤代烃,本文选择了球形棕囊藻进行室内培养,研究了不同温度、盐度和光照对其释放CH_3Cl、CH_3Br和CH_3I含量的影响。在不同温度(15、20、25℃),盐度(19、23、29)和光照(14、25、38μmol·m^-2·s^-1)条件下,藻细胞密度和卤甲烷的释放受温度的影响较明显。温度偏低(15～20℃)更适宜藻的生长和CH_3I的存在(CH_3I最大平均浓度为5.90～6.29pmol·L^-1),但25℃释放的CH_3Cl和CH_3Br最多(最大平均浓度分别为452.48和9.49pmol·L^-1),表明CH_3Cl的最大平均浓度比CH_3Br和CH_3I高约10倍。总体上CH_3Cl和CH_3Br的释放随着温度、盐度和光照强度的增加而增大,但盐度和光照的变化对藻的生长和卤甲烷释放的影响不明显。     

基于差值PCA的高分辨率影像变化检测

目前,影像变化检测研究主要针对多波段低空间分辨率影像,而多波段高空间分辨率影像的变化检测研究则相对较少。本文以时相为2015年和2016年的资源三号卫星影像为研究对象,采用差值主成分分析方法提取研究区的变化图斑。实验证明,该方法在多波段高分辨率卫星影像变化检测中有效,对影像变化检测的研究和应用具有重要的参考价值。     

A new probabilistic approach to estimating marine gastropod densities from baited traps

A new probabilistic approach is proposed to assess muricid species population abundances at scales relevant to both Ancient and Modern coastal fisheries. Motivated by the long‐term goal of reconstructing the dynamics of exploited murex populations during Antiquity, the objective was to estimate the population density of the banded dye‐murex, Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from successive captures with baited traps, using a method similar to the technique employed in the Mediterranean purple dye industry. The stochastic model developed simulates cumulative captures while accounting for high variability. It was calibrated with data acquired during a field trapping experiment (Crete Island, Greece). Traps’ catchability and Effective Area of Attraction (EAA) were estimated using the individual speed and behavioural response towards bait from laboratory experiments. Average density of H. trunculus was estimated as 2.2 ± 1.4 SE individuals per square metre, with no significant differences between seagrass and rocky habitats. The clearing time of successive capture experiments averaged 84 ± 6 SE hr. Clearing ca. 0.4 ha of subtidal area would be necessary to produce ca. 1.0 g of pure Tyrian purple pigment. The method described is generalizable to making population abundance estimates for similar groups, such as whelks, in modern fisheries.     

栖息地分布与种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响

为探究刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)种内竞争与栖息地对其群体分布的影响,作者通过缩时摄像机拍摄及视频分析,研究了刺参集群分布特征,结果发现:刺参在礁石栖息地的栖息时间显著高于在缸壁处的栖息时间(P 0.05),刺参对栖息地有明显偏好性;刺参在运动时并未聚集在同一栖息地,而离散分布在多处栖息地中(P 0.05);当密度增大到15头/缸(11.31头/m~2, d=1.3 m)时,刺参在栖息地内的平均聚集率和平均聚集时间比例会显著下降(P 0.05),种内竞争加剧,刺参多呈斑块状分布,在密度过高时种内竞争压力上升,刺参个体间选择分散以减少竞争。本研究查明了实验室条件下栖息地分布和种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响,可为野外刺参增养殖与资源持续利用提供理论参考。     

未胶结钙质砂静力和循环强度的单剪试验研究

通过等体积的单调和循环单剪试验研究南海未胶结钙质砂的静、动力反应,讨论应力水平和相对密实度对钙质砂静、动力强度的影响,并与典型的石英砂性质进行比较。在单调单剪试验中,中密和密实钙质砂在100～400 k Pa范围的初始竖向应力下都表现出应变硬化的性质,有效内摩擦角随剪应变增大。在循环单剪试验中,钙质砂的反应与相对密实度和初始竖向应力密切相关,但中密和密实钙质砂中的等效孔压都能达到初始竖向应力的85%～90%,此时剪应变突增,试样发生破坏。与相近密实度的石英砂相比,钙质砂抵抗液化的能力更强。提出了南海钙质砂动强度的归一化表达式,建立了不排水静强度、不排水动强度和循环次数之间的关系。     

大都市区城市扩张过程及形态对比分析——以东京、纽约和上海为例

大都市区化是全球城市化进程中的普遍现象,研究大都市区域城市扩张进程对理解其未来增长趋势、区域可持续发展具有重要意义。大都市区土地扩张及区域间的对比分析,以及都市区发育过程中城市扩张的一般化空间模式还未被深入理解。论文选取东京、纽约和上海3个大都市区,获取1990—2015年间3期Landsat影像数据,使用梯度和格网分析法,采用城市土地密度函数和城市扩张指数,从建设用地数量变化及其时空分布、城市形态变化等方面,多角度对比分析各城市不同阶段建设用地增长的时空差异。结果表明：① 大都市区边界仍在不断扩展,建设用地在研究期内持续增长;20多年间东京、纽约和上海的建设用地面积分别增长了63%、53%和233%;上海一直处于高强度扩张状态,而纽约的城市扩张在后期几近停滞。② 大都市区建设用地密度从中心向外呈圈层递减式分布,城市核心区和边缘区半径的增长最明显;城市形态均趋向于紧凑。③ 新增建设用地时空异质性明显。东京的远郊新城不断建设,纽约一些尚有发展潜力的区域次中心仍在扩张但速率逐渐放缓,上海的核心区外围增长剧烈并逐渐向远城区推进。④ 大都市区域扩张先后经历高速期—缓慢期—停滞期,扩张进程表现为核心区膨胀—次中心及新城建设—逐步形成稳定的多中心结构。     

中国城市碳排放强度的空间溢出效应及驱动因素探究（英文）

In this study, we adopt kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation, spatial Markov chain, and panel quantile regression methods to analyze spatial spillover effects and driving factors of carbon emission intensity in 283 Chinese cities from 1992 to 2013. The following results were obtained.(1) Nuclear density estimation shows that the overall average carbon intensity of cities in China has decreased, with differences gradually narrowing.(2) The spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index indicates significant spatial agglomeration of carbon emission intensity is gradually increasing; however, differences between regions have remained stable.(3) Spatial Markov chain analysis shows a Matthew effect in China's urban carbon emission intensity. In addition, low-intensity and high-intensity cities characteristically maintain their initial state during the transition period. Furthermore, there is a clear "Spatial Spillover" effect in urban carbon emission intensity and there is heterogeneity in the spillover effect in different regional contexts; that is, if a city is near a city with low carbon emission intensity, the carbon emission intensity of the first city has a higher probability of upward transfer, and vice versa.(4) Panel quantile results indicate that in cities with low carbon emission intensity, economic growth, technological progress, and appropriate population density play an important role in reducing emissions. In addition, foreign investment intensity and traffic emissions are the main factors that increase carbon emission intensity. In cities with high carbon intensity, population density is an important emission reduction factor, and technological progress has no significant effect. In contrast, industrial emissions, extensive capital investment, and urban land expansion are the main factors driving the increase in carbon intensity.