地形影响下冷锋的变形及锢囚

根据传统理论,将锋面看成密度的零级不连续面,设计了一个二层锋面模式,分别研究了东西走向与东北-西南走向的地形影响下冷锋的变形及锢囚现象。分析表明:不同高度的地形对于冷锋变形及锢囚的影响不同,同一高度的地形对于不同强度的冷锋运动也有不同的影响。通过分析研究,形象、直观地揭示了地形影响下冷锋变形及锢囚的一些规律,并与实际天气现象做了一些对比。此外,还分析了山区冷锋的垂直结构,指出冷锋在爬山时锋面中层会出现“隆起”现象,这反映了地形对于冷锋的非线性相互作用;锋面的这种“隆起”现象非常类似于气流过山时形成的“涌浪”(bore).     

Changes in the dynamics/energetics of surface and internal tides in the White Sea on the coexistence of shore-fast and drifting ice covers

The results of modeling for _M2${\mathrm{M}}_2$ surface and internal tides in the White Sea are discussed. These results are obtained for the case when shore-fast and drifting ice covers are present concurrently. It is assumed that the interface between ice covers is of non-tidal origin (i.e., it is pre-assigned) and that ice rheology is viscous-elastic, representative of the low temperatures typical of winter conditions. Emphasis is placed on tidal energetics and, in particular, on the averaged (over a tidal cycle) values of the density and the dissipation rate of barotropic/baroclinic tidal energy. It is shown that in the White Sea, unlike in other marginal seas, the averaged (over a tidal cycle) and depth-integrated density of baroclinic tidal energy for the combined ice cover is much less than the same defined density of barotropic tidal energy. Similarly, the averaged and integrated (over the volume of the White Sea) rate of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation is much less than the same defined rate of barotropic tidal energy dissipation. The latter, in turn, is greater than for the shore-fast ice cover, but is smaller than for the drifting ice cover.     

淮北煤田宿临矿区现今地温场分布特征及其影响因素

淮北煤田是我国华东地区最主要的能源供给基地之一,研究其现今地温场特征既是强烈的现实要求,也具有十分重要的理论意义.本文在淮北煤田宿临矿区区域地质研究的基础上,根据位于宿临矿区内不同构造单元中的8个主要煤矿井田及其邻近区域111个钻孔的测温数据,绘制了矿区现今地温\|深度关系图、现今地温梯度\|深度关系图以及不同构造单元的现今地温梯度分布图,分析了宿临矿区现今地温场的分布特征.研究表明,宿临矿区现今地温梯度分布范围介于1.50～3.80 ℃/hm,整个矿区平均现今地温梯度约为2.65 ℃/hm,与华北其他主要能源盆地相比有所差异.宿临矿区现今地温梯度在相同构造单元内分布具有褶皱隆起区高、断裂密集区域高的特点;不同构造单元中井田的平均现今地温梯度相比较则表现出由东部构造单元至西部构造单元逐步增高的趋势.分析表明,区内现今地温场主要受构造格局和岩性变化影响.     

井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析——以江宁地震台为例

采用水平层状均匀介质中点电源位于任意深度时的电位解析表达式,以江宁台3层电性结构为例,分析了井下对称四极地电阻率观测时各层影响系数随深度、极距的变化,并结合探测深度探讨了实施井下观测时影响系数在选择供电极距和电极埋深时的作用。结果表明,对于"K"型电性结构,江宁台井下观测对地表、浅层干扰有较强的抑制作用,其短极距观测对地表、浅层干扰的抑制能力显著优于长极距观测;长极距观测在电极埋深H小于100m时对地表介质季节性的干扰具有放大作用;浅层影响系数一定时,电极埋深和供电极距需同时增加;江宁台井下观测供电极距AB/2取100～150m、电极埋深H为250m较为合理。     

海陆相蒸发岩硫同位素值变化和地球化学应用

硫同位素作为一种稳定的同位素,几乎遍布各种自然环境,出现于地质上所能跨越的所有温度范围。自然界中,不同环境下δ~(34)S值的差别可达180‰。研究表明,蒸发沉积硫酸盐的δ~(34)S值可以代表相应水体的δ~(34)S值,通过研究蒸发岩中的δ34S值,结合其它指标,可判断沉积环境,示踪成矿物质来源,研究成矿作用过程,为重建古地理古环境提供依据。在前人研究基础上总结了硫同位素分馏的影响因素及其在地球化学方面的应用;分析了陆相盆地蒸发咸化过程中水体δ~(34)S值的变化特征;对比研究了部分海陆相盆地硫酸盐δ~(34)S值特征,并指出对陆相盆地,不同类型的水体中δ~(34)S值变化趋势仍需进一步研究。     

非饱和黄土震陷物理力学机制与主导影响因素

通过分析黄土震陷的物理过程及其力学机制,指出非饱和黄土震陷实质上是土体广义固相介质响应外部动荷载作用的再固结过程。将影响黄土震陷的主导因素归纳为两方面,即土体广义固相介质的强度、体积特征和外部动荷载特征。介质的强度特征可通过引入土工试验获取的参数(粘聚力和内摩擦角)来宏观表征;体积特征可由能够反映土体欠压密程度的孔隙比描述。与非饱和黄土震陷的宏观物理力学机制相适应,粘聚力与内摩擦角主要反映土体的结构性强度(黄土强度特征),孔隙比则反映了土体再固结的潜在性态(黄土沉降量值特征);黄土强度特征对应土体抵御外部载荷的能力,黄土沉降量值特征对应外部载荷作用下的土体沉降能力。     

华南地区地震活动特征与台湾强震影响

以M_S5.5以上地震是否发生为标记, 划分华南地区的活跃和平静时段, 结果显示与华南地区2级以上地震频次的应力调制时间过程变化趋势有很好的一致性。 另外, 在活跃和平静时段华南地区的震级频次特点显著不同。 华南地区在中强震发生前有4级左右地震频繁活动和小震群频发的特点。 华南地区的中强震与云南地区7级地震的发生相关。 统计20世纪以来台湾强震与华南中强震的对应关系, 台湾西带6级强震后1年内华南中强震的对应率近0.5, 地区影响似有由东至西逐渐减弱的趋势。 台湾7级地震后2年内华南中强震的对应率只有0.3, 对应地区除台湾海峡、 福建和广东东部地震外, 也有几次对应广西和北部湾地区的地震, 与6级相比, 台湾7级强震影响范围大。     

壤中气汞量测量影响因素分析

根据多年工程地震探测实践和观测研究结果，阐述了在野外取样过程中，人为因素和自然因素对壤中气汞量测量的影响．讨论了排除影响的方法并提出了在工程地震中壤中气汞量测量合理的取样深度和取样体积     

A spatial fuzzy influence diagram for modelling spatial objects’ dependencies: a case study on tree-related electric outages

Spatial objects can be interconnected and mutually dependent in complex ways. In Geographical Information Science, spatial objects’ topological relationships are not discussed together with their attributes’ dependencies, and the vagueness of spatial objects is often ignored during the spatial modelling process. To address this, a spatial fuzzy influence diagram (SFID) is introduced. Compared to the traditional statistical or fuzzy modelling approach, the influence diagram brings advantages in helping decision-makers structure complex interdependency problems. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the applicability of using an influence diagram in modelling spatial objects’ dependencies. As a case study, an SFID is applied to tree-related electric outages. The result of the case study is represented as a vulnerability map of electrical networks. The map shows areas at risk due to tree-related electric outages. The results were first validated by using a visual comparison of the vulnerability map and electricity fault data. In the second validation step, the percentage of fault data, which has received values in different vulnerability categories, was calculated. The results of the case study can be used to support the decision-making process of electrical network maintenance and planning.     

Publication practices in physical and human geography: a comment on Nigel Thrift’s ‘The future of geography’

This note expands on, and in some respects challenges, the distinction Thrift (Geoforum 33 (2002) 291) makes between the publication practices of young human and physical geographers. Evidence on highly-cited papers by eminent British geographers is used to suggest that human geographers have been publishing mainly in human-geography journals, but physical geographers in a wider range of outlets, for at least two decades; and that the most influential papers of all, human or physical, have generally been in multi- or inter-disciplinary journals. Publication in ‘non-geographical’ journals is desirable since it helps geographers have a wider impact. Conversely, the discipline is harmed if influential outsiders perceive geographers as only concerned with internal debates and seeking to impress each other.