中国东部玄武岩风化土壤的粘土矿物及碳 汇地球化学研究

     玄武岩风化是大气CO2 的一个主要碳汇过程,气候条件是影响玄武岩风化和固碳速率的重要因素。该文选择中国东 部不同气候带的新生代玄武岩典型风化剖面,进行了粘土矿物和常量元素分析。结果显示,在内蒙古-海南岛的采样区间内, 随着气候条件由干冷向暖湿转化,风化剖面中粘土矿物组合呈现蒙脱石+ 伊利石+ 高岭石→蒙脱石+ 高岭石→高岭石+ 三水 铝石的转变。剖面中土壤元素得失状况也显示出相应的规律,由于存在粉尘输入与风化淋滤作用的综合影响,在干冷的内 蒙古地区,粉尘对于Ca,K,Na,Si 等元素的输入量大于这些元素的淋失量;在山东地区,Ca,K,Na 元素开始快速淋失, 大于粉尘的输入量;在苏皖地区,Si 元素的淋失量开始小于粉尘输入量;而在湿热的海南地区,风化作用强烈,Si显示出 大量淋失的特点,碱性元素几乎全部流失。根据元素的相对得失率和北方粉尘平均组分的校正,初步估算了研究区内玄武 岩风化对大气CO2 的消耗速率,其数值在5.37~181.00 t（km2·a）之间,与Dessert 等（2003）的研究结果大致相当。     

CaCl2溶液对不同黏土基防渗墙渗透性的影响

在垃圾填埋场和场地污染防治工程中,黏土基防渗墙作为原位屏障,已广泛应用于隔离污染物与控制污染地下水的迁移。由黏土与地层混合形成的防渗墙与CaCl2溶液相互作用后,其渗透性会发生怎样的变化。针对这一问题,使用福建标准砂模拟砂性地层,以4种黏土作为混合材料,通过混合、浇筑和固结以后,对其渗透系数和水分特征曲线进行了实测。结果表明,在10%黏土添加量下,当4种砂-黏土混合土经0.2 mol/L CaCl2溶液渗透稳定后,其渗透系数相比渗透液为自来水时都有不同程度的增大,但渗透系数增大的倍数没有超过10。此外,CaCl2溶液在4种砂-黏土混合土中渗透稳定后试样的孔隙率没有发生较大变化,只是小幅地减小了。试验结果分析认为,钙离子与黏土矿物颗粒表面的单价阳离子发生了置换反应,使扩散双电层厚度减小,结合水含量降低,因而有效孔隙率增加,可能是宏观上造成渗透系数变大的主要原因。     

高效液相色谱-紫外光谱分析氢醌-双(β-羟乙基)醚

建立了高效液相色谱-紫外光谱法测定聚氨酯扩链剂氢醌-双(β-羟乙基)醚(HQEE)工业品中HQEE主含量和对苯二酚残留的方法。在氰基柱上,以甲醇-水-1%乙酸溶液(体积比10∶50∶40)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min时,HQEE、对苯二酚及其他相关杂质得到良好分离,紫外光谱285 nm检测。方法简便、快捷,结果准确可靠,在工业生产中可有效地指导HQEE合成过程的质量控制。     

Seasonal variation in nature and chemical compositions of spring water in Cuihua Mountain,Shaanxi Province,central China

Two springs (Cuihua Spring, Shuiqiuchi Spring) in Cuihua Mountain of the Qinling Mountains were observed and sampled monthly during 2004 and 2005 to trace their physical properties and chemical compositions with seasons. Although both pH values and cation (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺) contents of Cuihua Spring are higher than those of Shuiqiuchi Spring, seasonal variations in both springs are obvious. The pH values of both spring waters are between 5.69 and 6.98, lower than that of rainwater during summer and autumn. From January to November, the pH values of both springs similarly vary from high to low and then to high again. Variations in electric conductivities of two spring waters are contrary, although their electric conductivities are positively correlative with the cation content respectively. This can be attributed to different water sources of the two springs or different acidic rocks they passed. The contents of HCO₃ ⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ are low, indicating a low silicate weathering that the strata in this district are mainly composed of granite and schist of quartz and mica. Differing from change in spring water in karst regions of South China where abundant precipitation and dilution of rainwater cause low pH and electric conductivity in summer and autumn, the seasonal variations in the pH values and the electric conductivities of two springs in Qinling Mountains are attributed to seasonal changes in CO₂ produced by microorganisms’ activity in soil within respective year, rather than rainfall. The microorganisms’ activity in soil produces more CO₂ during summer and autumn. Therefore, the water nature of springs in silicate regions chiefly reflects the seasonal changes of CO₂ produced by the microorganisms in soil.     

陕北新庄地区延长组长2油层组储层特征

一般河道砂体的正粒序性决定了其下部物性条件优于上部,但新庄地区长2油层组河道砂体的物性特征截然相反,而是中上部物性条件好,下部物性条件普遍差.在储层岩石学特征、孔隙类型等研究的基础上,对此进行了探讨,认为造成其特殊性的原因主要是由于压实、胶结、次生加大等作用.指出河道边滩砂体中上部储层为该区的主力储层.     

On CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluid flow and heat transfer behavior in the subsurface,following leakage from a geologic storage reservoir

Geologic storage of CO₂ is expected to produce plumes of large areal extent, and some leakage may occur along fractures, fault zones, or improperly plugged pre-existing wellbores. A review of physical and chemical processes accompanying leakage suggests a potential for self-enhancement. The numerical simulations presented here confirm this expectation, but reveal self-limiting features as well. It seems unlikely that CO₂ leakage could trigger a high-energy run-away discharge, a so-called “pneumatic eruption,” but present understanding is insufficient to rule out this possibility. The most promising avenue for increasing understanding of CO₂ leakage behavior is the study of natural analogues.     

Seal integrity and feasibility of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sequestration in the Teapot Dome EOR pilot: geomechanical site characterization

This paper reports a preliminary investigation of CO₂ sequestration and seal integrity at Teapot Dome oil field, Wyoming, USA, with the objective of predicting the potential risk of CO₂ leakage along reservoir-bounding faults. CO₂ injection into reservoirs creates anomalously high pore pressure at the top of the reservoir that could potentially hydraulically fracture the caprock or trigger slip on reservoir-bounding faults. The Tensleep Formation, a Pennsylvanian age eolian sandstone is evaluated as the target horizon for a pilot CO₂ EOR-carbon storage experiment, in a three-way closure trap against a bounding fault, termed the S1 fault. A preliminary geomechanical model of the Tensleep Formation has been developed to evaluate the potential for CO₂ injection inducing slip on the S1 fault and thus threatening seal integrity. Uncertainties in the stress tensor and fault geometry have been incorporated into the analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The authors find that even the most pessimistic risk scenario would require ∼10 MPa of excess pressure to cause the S1 fault to reactivate and provide a potential leakage pathway. This would correspond to a CO₂ column height of ∼1,500 m, whereas the structural closure of the Tensleep Formation in the pilot injection area does not exceed 100 m. It is therefore apparent that CO₂ injection is not likely to compromise the S1 fault stability. Better constraint of the least principal stress is needed to establish a more reliable estimate of the maximum reservoir pressure required to hydrofracture the caprock.     

The Glueckstadt Graben of the North-German Basin: new insights into the structure from 3D and 2D gravity analyses

The structure of the Glueckstadt Graben has been investigated by use of 3D gravity backstripping technique and by 2D gravity and magnetic modelling. Subtracting the gravity effects of the Meso-Cenozoic sediments together with Permian salt reveals a positive residual anomaly within the Glueckstadt Graben. This anomaly includes two local maxima over the Westholstein and Eastholstein Troughs. The 2D gravity models point to the presence of a high-density body within the lower crust of the Glueckstadt Graben. In addition, the results of 2D magnetic modelling indicate that the central part of the high-density body is overlain by an area with high susceptibility. Most probable, the formation of this high-density body is a result of complex poly-phase tectonic history of the study area. Finally, the results of gravity modelling indicate that Permian salt is not homogeneous. 3D gravity analysis and, especially, 2D gravity modelling have distinguished the differences in degree of salt saturation in salt-rich bodies, and elucidate the proportion of Rotliegend salt.     

Nucleation and crystallization of otavite, witherite, calcite, strontianite, hydrozincite, and hydrocerussite by CO2 membrane diffusion technique

Otavite, witherite, calcite, strontianite, hydrozincite and hydrocerussite nucleation was induced by CO₂ diffusion through a polyethylene membrane into a metal bearing solution. Nucleation and ongoing precipitation was followed at 25 ± 1 °C by the chemical evolution of the solution and the consumption of sodium hydroxide (pH-stat conditions). X-ray diffraction patterns as well as FT-infrared and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of well crystallized solids, except for less crystalline hydrozincite. In several experiments simonkolleite and laurionite precipitated concurrently with hydrozincite and hydrocerussite. The carbonate end-member minerals, smithsonite and cerussite, however were not formed. Carbonate minerals crystallized as spherical aggregates of thin layered otavite, spherical orientated witherite needles, rhombohedral calcite, pseudo-hexagonal strontianite laths, fibrous lumps of hydrozincite and planar hexagonal hydrocerussite crystals. Crystal and aggregate sizes range between 1 and 100 μm. Nucleation occurred at well defined reaction times and distinct critical supersaturation indices (SI_crit). The time for nucleation at constant pH decreased as the initial metal concentration increased for a given solid. The SI_crit values decreased in the order of hydrocerussite (3.2), otavite (2.5), strontianite (1.6), witherite (0.9) and calcite (0.7).