北极III区海冰面积低频变化对北半球冬季大气环流异常的作用

北极III区海冰面积的低频变化所引起的热力强迫作用,可以激发出EA和类似于WP的大气遥相关型。冰气系统之间存在着3～4年的不规则振荡,在振荡过程中,它们是相互作用的。对比表明,北极III区的重冰年和轻冰年,北半球冬季中纬度地区大气环流以及我国的天气气候特征有十分明显的差异。     

Bianchi type-III non-static magnetized cosmological model for perfect fluid distribution in general relativity

We have investigated Bianchi type III non-static magnetized cosmological model for perfect fluid distribution in general relativity. We assume that F ₁₂ is the only non-vanishing component of F _ij . Maxwell’s equation

基于现场和卫星有效波高数据评估WAVEWATCH III的输入/耗散项

基于WAVEWATCH III,在输入相同的风场条件下,评估了三个输入耗散项WAM3,WAM4以及TC96在是否考虑大气稳定性时的模拟能力。通过5组实验,用南海的测波雷达数据以及研究区域内HY-2高度计的有效波高数据对不同源项的模拟结果进行了比较分析,研究区域为100-135°E,0-35°N。对TC96中的风速校正参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,这几种源项在涌浪占主导时的模拟效果都不太理想;考虑大气不稳定性的TC96源项模拟的效果最好;大气不稳定性的影响是以一种所谓的“高效风速”的策略来反映的,其中最重要的一个参数为风速转换参数,这个参数非常敏感,在对特定区域进行模拟之前,应先分析出这个参数的最优值。     

Numerical simulation of wave field in the South China Sea using WAVEWATCH III

Wave fi elds of the South China Sea(SCS) from 1976 to 2005 were simulated using WAVEWATCH III by inputting high-resolution reanalysis wind fi eld datasets assimilated from several meteorological data sources. Comparisons of wave heights between WAVEWATCH III and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and buoy data show a good agreement. Our results show seasonal variation of wave direction as follows: 1. During the summer monsoon(April–September), waves from south occur from April through September in the southern SCS region, which prevail taking about 40% of the time; 2. During the winter monsoon(December–March), waves from northeast prevail throughout the SCS for 56% of the period; 3. The dominant wave direction in SCS is NE. The seasonal variation of wave height H s in SCS shows that in spring, H s ≥1 m in the central SCS region and is less than 1 m in other areas. In summer, H s is higher than in spring. During September–November, infl uenced by tropical cyclones, H s is mostly higher than 1 m. East of Hainan Island, H s 2 m. In winter, H s reaches its maximum value infl uenced by the north-east monsoon, and heights over 2 m are found over a large part of SCS. Finally, we calculated the extreme wave parameters in SCS and found that the extreme wind speed and wave height for the 100-year return period for SCS peaked at 45 m/s and 19 m, respectively, SE of Hainan Island and decreased from north to south.     

砂岩的I/III复合型断裂试验研究

为了了解砂岩的I/III复合型断裂力学性能,采用含有裂纹面垂直于底面但倾斜于正背面的三点弯曲（TPB）试件实现面外断裂。使用Abaqus通过有限元法研究了不同裂纹面倾斜角下沿着试件厚度的I型、II型与III型无量纲应力强度因子。通过讨论可知,在靠近试件厚度中点处I型与III型无量纲应力强度因子取得较大值,而II型无量纲应力强度因子取得接近于0的可以忽略的极小值,且靠近自由面处的应力强度因子不作考虑。故该种试件可用于测量材料的I/III复合型断裂性能。数值计算结果与常规TPB试件的解析公式及倾斜裂纹面TPB试件的近似计算公式的结果进行对比,证明了数值模拟结果的准确性并讨论了近似公式存在的问题。使用7组共28个该种三点弯曲试件,研究砂岩的I/III复合型断裂特性,结果表明：砂岩的I型与III型临界应力强度因子随着裂纹面倾斜角的增大先增大后减小,但其变化趋势不同;砂岩的I/III复合型等效断裂韧度随着裂纹面倾斜角的增大先增大后减小,在倾斜角接近20°时取得最大值。裂纹扩展时裂纹面将发生扭转,倾斜角θ越大则扭转角度越大。     

缺氧酸性条件下三价铁对锑释放的作用机制

辉锑矿（Sb2S3）的氧化溶解是控制锑（Sb）从岩矿中释放进入水土环境并影响其迁移转化的首要过程。酸性矿山废水中的三价铁[Fe（III）]是矿区环境中广泛存在的天然氧化剂,然而Fe（III）对Sb2S3的氧化溶解与Sb的释放作用机制尚不明确。通过模拟黑暗缺氧酸性的矿山地下水环境,开展Fe（III）浓度与Sb2S3表面积比值（I）控制的Sb2S3氧化溶解动力学实验,结合S-Sb-Fe氧化还原作用产物的溶解态组成与固相表征手段,揭示Fe（III）对Sb释放的作用机制。结果显示：Fe（III）作用下Sb2S3的氧化溶解是一个产酸的过程,I值越大,Fe（III）对Sb释放的促进作用越明显。缺氧条件下,Fe（III）与Sb2S3发生氧化还原作用,主要产物是五价锑[Sb（V）]、硫单质[S（0）]和二价铁[Fe(Ⅱ)],反应后矿物表面有S（0）和Fe2O3检出,阻碍了Sb2S3氧化溶解反应的持续进行。 I值一定时,低浓度的Fe（III）和溶解氧（DO）质量浓度的增加均会减少矿物表面S（0）的附着量,促进Sb释放量的增加;溶液中的Cl−通过配位络合效应会促进Sb2S3的溶解释放。缺氧酸性条件下Fe（III）与Sb2S3的作用控制着Sb的释放。研究结果可为矿山闭坑后地下水Sb污染防治提供重要的理论依据。     

Gas-generation potential of shales in small and medium-sized basins: a case study from the Xuanhua Basin,north China

Abstract

Small- and medium-sized basins are widely distributed, and some contain commercial gas reservoirs demonstrating their gas-generation potential. The Xuanhua Basin, which is a small-sized coal-bearing basin in north China, includes a promising target for shale-gas exploration in the Xiahuayuan Formation. In this study, we used this basin as a case study to assess the critical geochemical features for small or medium-sized basins to form commercial gas reservoirs. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, microscopic observation of macerals, vitrinite reflectance measurement and kerogen stable carbon isotope analysis were performed to characterise the organic geochemistry of the Xiahuayuan shales. The original total organic carbon (TOC_o) content and hydrocarbon-generative potential (S_2o) were reconstructed to further evaluate the gas-generation potential of these shales. In addition, geochemical data of shales from other similar-sized basins with gas discoveries were compared. The results showed that the kerogen from the Xiahuayuan Formation is Type III (gas-prone), and macerals are dominated by vitrinite. TOC values showed a strong heterogeneity in the vertical profiles, with most higher than 1.5?wt%. The measured R_o values ranged from 1.4 to 2.0%. However, thermal maturity was not correlated with the present-day burial depth with higher maturity in the wells closest to the diabase intrusion centre. The remaining generation potential (S₂) averaged 0.91?mg HC/g rock, equal to 1.4?cm³ CH₄/g rock, and the average amount of hydrocarbon generated was 4.33?cm³ CH₄/g rock. In small and medium-sized basins, the TOC content of commercially developed gas shales ranged from 0.5 to 2.5?wt%, organic matter was mainly humic (gas-prone), and the burial depth was generally shallow. Biogenic gas reservoirs for commercial exploitation tend to have larger shale thicknesses (120–800?m) than thermogenic gas reservoirs (60–90?m).

1. The Xiahuayuan Formation is a good gas-source rock with gas-prone kerogen type, relatively high TOC values and moderate thermal maturity.

2. The average amount of hydrocarbon generated from the Xiahuayuan shales is about 4.33?cm³ CH₄/g rock, indicating a potential to form a shale gas reservoir.

3. Owing to the influence of diabase intrusions, the Xiahuayuan shales have entered the dry gas window at relatively shallow-buried depths.

4. Small- and medium-sized basins have the potential to generate commercial gas reservoirs with the generated volume mainly a product of the thickness and maturity of black shales.

     

减缓气候变化的最新科学认知

 摘 要：2007年5月4日,IPCC第三工作组在泰国曼谷发布了第四次评估报告《气候变化2007：减缓气候变化》的决策者摘要及主报告。报告综合评估了2001年以来有关减缓气候变化的最新研究成果,考察分析了中短期（2030年前）和长期（2030年后）温室气体的排放情景、减排潜力、成本范围,以及稳定大气温室气体（GHG）浓度水平的可能选择。报告总体认为,未来温室气体排放取决于发展路径的选择,现有各种技术手段和许多在2030年以前具有市场可行性的低碳和减排技术,将以较低的成本实现有效减排;在2030年以后将温室气体浓度稳定在较低水平的成本并不高,但需要国际合作,采取一致行动,并认为可持续发展与温室气体减排可以相互促进。