Estimation of vegetation LAI from hyperspectral reflectance data: Effects of soil type and plant architecture

The retrieval of canopy biophysical variables is known to be affected by confounding factors such as plant type and background reflectance. The effects of soil type and plant architecture on the retrieval of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) from hyperspectral data were assessed in this study. In situ measurements of LAI were related to reflectances in the red and near-infrared and also to five widely used spectral vegetation indices (VIs). The study confirmed that the spectral contrast between leaves and soil background determines the strength of the LAI–reflectance relationship. It was shown that within a given vegetation species, the optimum spectral regions for LAI estimation were similar across the investigated VIs, indicating that the various VIs are basically summarizing the same spectral information for a given vegetation species. Cross-validated results revealed that, narrow-band PVI was less influenced by soil background effects (0.15 ≤ RMSE_cv ≤ 0.56). The results suggest that, when using remote sensing VIs for LAI estimation, not only is the choice of VI of importance but also prior knowledge of plant architecture and soil background. Hence, some kind of landscape stratification is required before using hyperspectral imagery for large-scale mapping of vegetation biophysical variables.     

A New Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer Channel Selection and Assessment of Its Impact on Met Office NWP Forecasts

A new set of Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer(IASI) channels was re-selected from 314 EUMETSAT channels.In selecting channels,we calculated the impact of the individually added channel on the improvement in the analysis outputs from a one-dimensional variational analysis(1D-Var) for the Unified Model(UM) data assimilation system at the Met Office,using the channel score index(CSI) as a figure of merit.Then,200 channels were selected in order by counting each individual channel's CSI contribution.Compared with the operationally used 183 channels for the UM at the Met Office,the new set shares 149 channels,while the other 51 channels are new.Also examined is the selection from the entropy reduction method with the same 1D-Var approach.Results suggest that channel selection can be made in a more objective fashion using the proposed CSI method.This is because the most important channels can be selected across the whole IASI observation spectrum.In the experimental trial runs using the UM global assimilation system,the new channels had an overall neutral impact in terms of improvement in forecasts,as compared with results from the operational channels.However,upper-tropospheric moist biases shown in the control run with operational channels were significantly reduced in the experimental trial with the newly selected channels.The reduction of moist biases was mainly due to the additional water vapor channels,which are sensitive to the upper-tropospheric water vapor.     

Infrared imagery of ‘breaking’ internal waves

Airborne infrared imagery is shown to provide preliminary evidence of surface thermal expressions associated with internal waves that become unstable and break over the continental shelf. These expressions include a narrow wave front that is warmer than the ambient; a wide, spatially intermittent ‘wake’ that is colder than the ambient; and ∼O (10 m) diameter surface-renewal ‘boils’ that populate the wake. These thermal signatures might be useful in assessing the spatial distribution and structure of breaking internal waves.     

AIRS观测的东亚夏季平流层重力波特征

对流性重力波对中层大气环境有显著影响.重力波活动及重力波源的地理和季节性变化等信息是理解和模拟重力波效应的基础.卫星高光谱红外大气垂直探测器AIRS的4 μm和15 μm波段可用于识别30~40 km高度范围和41 km高度附近的重力波,其11 μm通道可同步观测对流层深对流.观测个例表明,海面和陆面上空的平流层扰动影响范围均可达1000 km,不同高度的扰动强度分布也存在差异.基于2007年6月至8月的AIRS观测资料,分析了东亚区域的对流层深对流活动和平流层的重力波,得到了深对流和重力波发生频率的水平分布.统计结果表明,东亚区域夏季夜间的深对流活动明显少于白天,但AIRS观测到的平流层重力波发生频率和扰动强度均显著大于白天,揭示了夜间对流层深对流诱发的平流层重力波在强度、范围等方面可能与白天存在显著差异.进一步对比分析表明,AIRS观测的平流层扰动高值区与深对流高值区明显不同.平流层重力波与对流层深对流之间的相关分析表明,在36°N以南的区域,41 km高度上AIRS观测的重力波中,深对流云诱发的重力波的比例约为30%~100%.在10°N至36°N区间,90%的深对流均可诱发平流层重力波.分析得到的30~40 km高度区间和41 km高度附近的重力波水平分布对比表明,后一高度上的扰动强度明显大于前一高度,且前一高度在东南亚区域存在强扰动中心而在后一高度则没有.最后,给出了AIRS观测的几种典型形态的东亚区域平流层波动,表明了该区域平流层环境波动形态的复杂性和多样性.     

棉花各生育期高光谱数据与叶片生物物理生物化学量的相关分析

利用高光谱非成像光谱 (辐射 )仪对北疆棉花 4个生育期 (蕾期、花期、铃期、吐絮期 )的叶片及冠层进行了5°FOV室内、野外 ,2 5°FOV野外高光谱遥感测定 ,试验表明北疆棉花具有绿色植物所特有的反射光谱曲线特征。本文分析了棉花在不同生育期特征光谱变化规律以及棉花叶面积指数 (LAI)与叶绿素 (CH .D)含量、叶片全氮 (TN)含量在整个生育期的变化规律和它们之间的关系 ,应用光谱一阶微分分析技术 ,清晰地描述棉花“红边”变化趋势的特征。通过监测作物生育期内的光谱变化 ,研究作物的反射光谱与叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)等农学参数之间的关系 ,使人们能够定性描述和定量分析作物的生长与遥感光谱数据之间的关系 ,促进高光谱分辨率遥感技术在作物的生长监测和产量估测中的应用。     

基于叶绿素荧光峰特征的浑浊水体悬浮物浓度遥感反演

内陆水体光学特性复杂,其水质参数遥感反演是当前环境遥感研究的热点与难点.2004年10月在太湖实测了67个站点的遥感反射率与相应站点水质参数浓度,通过对水体反射率光谱的分析发现,秋季太湖悬浮物主导了水体光学特性,叶绿素荧光峰的特征主要体现为悬浮物浓度的变化.据此建立了基于水面实测岛光谱遥感反射率数据的叶绿素荧光峰特征与悬浮物浓度之间的拟合关系,发现二者具有很好的响应关系.具体分析了叶绿素荧光峰绝对高度、基线高度、归一化高度(分别归一化到560nm附近最大反射率波段与近红外810nm附近最大反射率波段)及荧光峰积分面积(包括积分总面积、基线以下面积与基线以上面积)等儿种光谱特征与悬浮物浓度之间的关系,其相关系数(R2)分别为0.8822、0.7483、0.8901、0.8547、0.8927、0.8877、0.8632,平均相对误差分别为27.25%、41.03%、27.11%、25.75%、24.91%、25.47%、27.54%.总体反演精度较高,其中总积分面积法效果最好,基线高度法效果最差,而叶绿索荧光峰波段的位移与悬浮物浓度之间不存在明显的相关性.研究结果表明叶绿素荧光峰特征在浑浊内陆水体悬浮物浓度信息提取中具有很好的应用前景,该方法可为浑浊的二类水体悬浮物遥感反演提供了一个新思路.     

Hyperspectral interpretation of selected drill cores from orogenic gold deposits in central Victoria,Australia

HyLogger hyperspectral data obtained from seven orogenic gold deposits in central Victoria, including Bendigo, Ballarat, Maldon, Fosterville, Costerfield, Castlemaine and Wildwood, are presented. The data demonstrate that fresh diamond drill core displays substantial mineralogical variation that can be attributed to the effects of cryptic hydrothermal alteration that might not otherwise be recognised. The most significant hyperspectral response lies in the white mica compositions, which vary in a systematic manner between high-Al muscovitic zones (Al–OH absorption around 2208 nm) that define a phyllic alteration halo around mineralised structures, and low-Al phengitic–chlorite zones (Al–OH absorption >2014 nm) inferred to represent either more distal alteration or possibly regional metamorphic background. An extensive ferroan dolomite alteration halo overlaps the phyllic and sulfidic alteration zones and extends beyond the sampled core in most instances. This ferroan dolomite halo has previously been defined petrographically, geochemically and using carbonate staining techniques, and is further characterised using thermal infrared hyperspectral data in drill core from the Ballarat goldfield. The mineralogical trends identified by the hyperspectral data are best developed in diamond drill core from the Costerfield, Fosterville and Ballarat goldfields, and are less pronounced at the other deposits. At Bendigo and Castlemaine the reasons for this are not immediately clear, but may be related to the close timing of gold mineralisation relative to peak metamorphism. The Maldon area lies within the contact aureole of the Harcourt Batholith and so has been thermally overprinted leading to the recrystallisation of earlier hydrothermal assemblages. The Wildwood deposit is similar to the Magdala deposit at Stawell and differs from the other goldfields in its geological setting, host rock lithologies and style of hydrothermal alteration, with the development of Fe-rich chlorite closely associated with gold mineralisation. The results demonstrate how hyperspectral data can be used to define large hydrothermal alteration footprints associated with orogenic gold mineralisation in central Victoria that are of direct benefit to mineral explorers, as well as independently characterising lithological variations in drill core.     

黑河中游绿洲灌溉区土地覆盖与种植结构空间格局遥感监测

以高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率CASI航空遥感数据作为采样带,对黑河中游绿洲灌溉区土地覆盖和农作物种植结构空间格局进行遥感监测。设计了分层分类方法,综合采用基于像素和基于对象的2种遥感图像分类方法对航空样带区域进行土地覆盖制图。根据实地土地覆盖类型调查与目视解译,对样带土地覆盖和农作物种植结构的分类结果进行精度评价,总体分类精度为84.2%,Kappa系数为0.793。与样带区域2007年Landsat TM/ETM+土地覆盖产品相比,高分辨率CASI航空数据能够对树木、草地与农作物类别进行有效监测。监测结果表明,中游绿洲灌溉区内接近59.1%的地区为裸地与建筑用地;植被覆盖区域占39.8%,其中,农田34.9%,树木5.3%,草地仅有0.1%;而在农田区域中玉米为大宗作物,分类成数占96.1%。研究结果表明高质量与高分辨率的航空遥感数据能够实现对流域下垫面异质性进行有效监测,为生态—水文过程研究提供高分辨率的下垫面类型信息。     

Hyperspectral image noise reduction based on rank-1 tensor decomposition

In this study, a novel noise reduction algorithm for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is proposed based on high-order rank-1 tensor decomposition. The hyperspectral data cube is considered as a three-order tensor that is able to jointly treat both the spatial and spectral modes. Subsequently, the rank-1 tensor decomposition (R1TD) algorithm is applied to the tensor data, which takes into account both the spatial and spectral information of the hyperspectral data cube. A noise-reduced hyperspectral image is then obtained by combining the rank-1 tensors using an eigenvalue intensity sorting and reconstruction technique. Compared with the existing noise reduction methods such as the conventional channel-by-channel approaches and the recently developed multidimensional filter, the spatial–spectral adaptive total variation filter, experiments with both synthetic noisy data and real HSI data reveal that the proposed R1TD algorithm significantly improves the HSI data quality in terms of both visual inspection and image quality indices. The subsequent image classification results further validate the effectiveness of the proposed HSI noise reduction algorithm.     

高光谱数据处理及其在广西苗儿山地区的地质应用研究

本文以广西苗儿山地区机载成像细分红外高光谱数据为例,探讨了高光谱数据的特点及其处理方法。编制了一系列进行数据预处理的软件,进行了条带去除、波段间配准、航向压缩、镜向变换、辐射校正、正切校正、相对反射率转换等预处理,获得了高质量图像。在ＥＮＶＩ软件基础上建立了研究区野外实测光谱曲线库及分类子库,并对各子库进行了系统研究。同时,提出了正确的配准方案,对图像进行了精校正和镶嵌,取得了满意的镶嵌图像;在纯净像元提取、混合像元分解、匹配滤波、光谱特征拟合等方面进行了探索。最后,探讨了高光谱数据的地质应用潜力,尤其在硅化带识别方面取得了成功的效果,发现了一系列新的含铀硅化断裂带;预测了３片成矿有利地段,经验证,在其中两片地区找到了明显的铀偏高和矿化显示。