中国农民旅游流网络重心轨迹的演化

农民旅游流是旅游地理学研究的热点问题,其旅游重心能综合反映旅游流网络的空间扩散和集聚特征。运用国内农村居民旅游者的流向抽样调查数据,构建农民旅游流网络重心、旅游流向、移动距离模型,对农民旅游流的重心轨迹进行研究。结果显示：农民旅游流网络重心隐含农民旅游客源地和目的地双重心的内在联系特性,两种重心呈现“偏南-西南-东北-偏东”的演变轨迹,农民旅游客源地重心与目的地重心存在空间错位;农民旅游流网络重心的移动幅度东西方向大于南北方向,2003-2004 年与2004-2005 年的重心移动距离尺度大于其他时期;其网络重心与经济收入、人口、入境旅游三项重心比较明显偏西南部,呈现客源地重心向东南部、目的地重心向东转北的发展趋势,农民旅游客源地出游力存在区域差异、目的地吸引力存在空间不平衡。本研究作为旅游产业的区域布局与旅游资源的科学配置的基础工作,可为深化农民旅游市场开发以及预测旅游流的动态提供新视角。     

Groundwater flow regime under natural conditions as inferred from past evidence and contemporary field observations in a semi-arid basin: Cuenca de la Independencia, Guanajuato, México

This study was carried out in the Cuenca de la Independencia, a semi-arid basin in Central Mexico. The objective is to describe the main features of a groundwater flow regime under natural conditions, based on groundwater discharge manifestations. Information obtained from paleoecological, paleontological, archaeological and historical data suggests that, prior to heavy development (starting in the 1950s), the hydrogeologic regime was characterized by a larger groundwater availability in a more humid and colder climate. Manifestations associated to groundwater discharges are springs, lagoons, wetlands, saline soils, chalcedony deposits, phreatophytes, thermalism, and artesianism. The different types of manifestations and their position in the basin indicate the influence of groundwater flow systems hierarchically nested, forming concentric zones at ground level. The groundwater flow regime corresponds to a classical gravity-induced flow system with generation of local, intermediate and regional patterns. Integrating several types of data to establish the flow geometry and its dynamics has proven a useful tool to increase understanding of the original groundwater regimes. This approach can also be applied in other over-exploited semi-arid basins.     

西藏波密县古乡沟泥石流模型试验中的模型砂配制

对西藏古乡沟泥石流模型试验中的模型砂配制进行了研究,旨在保证模型试验的合理性和科学性,从而为泥石流灾害防治工程提供可靠的设计依据。通过对泥石流形成区和堆积区样品的粒径分析,根据模型试验的目的和条件,选定模型的几何比尺为1∶100,但模型砂的配制采用泥砂分段模拟法,原型中小于0.1 mm的颗粒不缩小,仍按重量百分比配制;原型中大于0.1 mm的颗粒按相似比尺缩小后用小于0.1 mm模型砂代替。并通过模型样品的选用和粒径组合对泥石流体以及堆积扇的模型砂配制过程进行了详细的分析研究,使模型试验获得了比较好的结果。     

基于DEA和Malmquist的中国城市代谢效率研究

运用物质流、数据包络分析(DEA)及Malmquist指数对中国31个案例城市进行了城市代谢效率的研究。通过将城市代谢系统社会经济产出、环境非期望产出及水、电、化石能源、金属矿物、建筑材料、食物等投入部分纳入进DEA和Malmquist指数中,测得了案例城市的2000年、2010年代谢效率及变化趋势。研究结果发现,中国城市代谢系统效率总体相对较高,尤其是东中部地区城市的综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率要高于西部地区城市,大城市的代谢综合效率高于巨型、超大和特大城市。2000~2010年,城市代谢综合效率、纯技术效率等所有效率指标的均值均呈现出下降趋势,但是中、西部地区城市的综合效率和纯技术效率却呈改善趋势,并且特大和超大城市的综合效率高于巨型城市。     

抗高温泡沫钻井液体系评价研究

高频钻井液压力波信息传输技术传输速率高,是实现自动化、智能化钻井的关键技术之一,由于高频钻井液压力波在传输过程中存在较大的衰减,阻碍了该技术的现场应用,探明其衰减规律对于高速传输技术开发具有重要意义。在假设同一钻柱截面钻井液压力相等且钻井液流速存在径向分布的基础上,基于二维轴对称瞬态流动理论,采用小信号分析方法,综合考虑了压力波信号参数、钻柱尺寸及钻井液参数的影响,建立了高频钻井液压力波衰减模型并给出了适用条件。最后采用地面实验验证了该模型的正确性。随后分析钻井液压力波频率、压力波传输距离、钻井液密度及黏度、钻柱内径对高频压力波衰减的影响。结果表明：高频钻井液压力波幅值衰减量随钻井液压力波频率、压力波传输距离及钻井液黏度的增加而增大,且变化规律为指数型;幅值衰减量受频率影响最大,并随钻井液密度及钻柱内径增加逐渐减小。本研究可为高频钻井液压力波信息传输技术研发提供理论指导。

     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型及汶川地震机理探讨

利用GPS、大地电磁、P波层析成像等数据分析了青藏高原东部地壳运动情况和中下地壳物质流的分布及运动情况,提出了青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型,认为在青藏高原东部存在两条巨大的、具有固定通道和边界的弱物质流,其他区域则有离散的、不均匀的弱物质流分布。巴颜喀拉块体内部的弱物质流在向东流至龙门山断裂带时,大部分弱物质沿断裂带向南北方向分流,小部分弱物质在断裂带附近沉积、上涌,造成通道堵塞,最终引发了汶川地震。     

浅谈北京规划市区1:500地形图数字化测绘

地形图为国民经济建设和社会各行各业的发展提供测绘保障,它是城市规划设计、市政工程建设、工业与民用建筑、土地开发利用、防灾减灾等各方面的基础数据之一。本文结合北京城市基础测绘工作,以《BSCS G2000》测图软件为例,简述大比例尺数字化地形图的作业流程,地形要素取舍及检查验收工作。     

Mapping spatio-temporal flood inundation dynamics at large river basin scale using time-series flow data and MODIS imagery

Flood inundation is crucial to the survival and prosperity of flora and fauna communities in floodplain and wetland ecosystems. This study tried to map flood inundation characteristics in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, utilizing hydrological and remotely sensed data. It integrated river flow time series and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to map inundation dynamics over the study area on both temporal and spatial dimensions. Flow data were analyzed to derive flow peaks and Annual Exceedance Probabilities (AEPs) using the annual flood series method. The peaks were linked with MODIS images for inundation detection. Ten annual maximum inundation maps were generated for water years 2001–2010, which were then overlaid to derive an inundation frequency map. AEPs were also combined with the annual maximum inundation maps to derive an inundation probability map. The resultant maps revealed spatial and temporal patterns of flood inundation in the basin, which will benefit ecological and environmental studies when considering response of floodplain and wetland ecosystems to flood inundation.     

嫦娥一号IIM数据应用处理流程分析

对嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪（IIM）数据的特点进行了分析,并就存在的一些问题提出了解决方案,制定了IIM数据应用处理流程,为该数据的正确使用提供方法参考。研究结果表明,在空间域传感器左侧响应偏低,右侧响应偏高;在波谱域长波段响应存在较大偏差。经过绝对定标和辐射畸变校正后的反射率与地基望远镜光谱匹配良好,可以用于应用研究。利用校正后的数据对Aristarchus地区岩石类型开展初步研究的结果表明,该地区在纵向和横向上都存在岩性的多样性。校正后的图像不仅提高了分类精度,还被识别出撞击坑可能存在的滑坡。嫦娥一号IIM能够在全球、区域和局部尺度上以较高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率获取月表元素和矿物成分信息,有助于深化对月球形成和演化的认识。