Ground vibrations from sheetpile driving in urban environment: measurements, analysis and effects on buildings and occupants

Following a comprehensive review of the subject of man-made ground vibrations, measurements of ground vibration caused by vibratory sheetpile driving in recent soil deposits are reported in terms of particle velocities vs. distance from the source of vibration. The measurements were conducted on paved surfaces and sidewalks in the inner urban environment. Reconstructed particle displacement paths indicated, predominantly, vertical vibrations of the Rayleigh type. The attenuation rate of vibrations with distance was compared to published results of other studies and satisfactory agreement was found to exist. Values of particle velocity measured in this study, however, were lower than corresponding values of other studies under comparable values of rated vibratory kinetic energy. This is possibly due to different soil conditions. Average and upper bound linear log–log attenuation relationships are proposed, which fit the results of measurements and are representative of the conditions likely to be encountered in the urban environment. Measurement of vibrations on higher floors of multistory reinforced concrete buildings indicated a significant amplification of vertical vibration and an average curve for amplification magnitude vs. floor level was fitted to the results of measurements. A comparison of measured values of vibration with the observed performance of buildings and with damage threshold values suggested by existing codes and standards indicated that the latter do not provide safety against damage caused by vibratory densification of loose sandy soils. On the other hand, the existing criteria for human exposure to vibrations in buildings, according to the results of this study, seem to adequately define the degrees of human discomfort.     

广州市人居环境可持续发展水平综合评价

在探讨人居环境与可持续发展关系的基础上,从居住条件、城市生态环境、公共服务基础设施和可持续性4个方面构建了广州市人居环境可持续发展的评价指标体系,并采用简单算术平均方法计算出近11年广州市人居环境的各指标及其可持续发展水平评价分值,对广州市人居环境可持续发展现状及其与经济发展之间的关系进行了定量评价.结果表明,广州市人居环境正朝着可持续方向发展,与经济发展的阶段基本一致,但滞后于经济发展.     

人类活动胁迫下岩溶含水层脆弱性分析

从水文地质本身的内部要素分析岩溶含水层高度脆弱的原因,详细论述了农业活动、工业和城市化以及矿山开采等对岩溶含水层脆弱性的影响,认为人类活动的叠加无疑加剧了岩溶含水层的脆弱性,并在很大程度上影响着地下水的水质、水量.因此,合理规范人类活动,减少人类活动对环境的污染,是岩溶地下水资源可持续利用的保证.     

Holocene environmental change and the accumulation–erosion balance of sheltered river-mouth sediments, Göteborg, SW Sweden

Holocene sedimentological change was investigated in 15 sediment piston cores (250 cm long) from the mouth of the Göta älv River, outside of Göteborg, which is sheltered by an archipelago. The main objective was to interpret recent, natural and human-induced influences upon the accumulation–erosion balance and the sedimentary environment from Holocene sediment units. The five main units are: consolidated glaciomarine clay (Facies gC) lowermost, consolidated estuarine clay (Facies dC), soft sub-recent sediment (Facies omC and Facies C) uppermost and dumped sediment (Facies D) in some parts of the study area. The sediment facies are divided by two major hiatuses: (a) the early Holocene hiatus between Facies gC and dC involves a time gap of at least 7000 years, ending at ca. 4000 BP and (b) the late Holocene hiatus between the consolidated clays (Facies gC and dC) and Facies omC spans 1000 years and ends ca. 50 BP (i.e. 100 years ago). Both hiatuses probably relate to the effects of isostatic land uplift. Surface sediments consist mainly of an organic-matter-rich clay facies, suggesting changes in the trophic state of the estuary during the last 100 years. Together with human-induced increased river erosion and loss of accommodation space in the estuary, this caused the onset of sedimentation in the estuary. The recent sediments are contaminated with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg), with highest concentrations in the lower part of Facies omC.     

广东沿海陆地地质灾害孕育环境探讨

通过广东沿海陆地典型地质灾害事件的统计、调查与研究表明,南澳、汕头、揭阳、阳江等地区是潜在地震多发区和强震活跃区,地震多出现在NEE、NNW和NW向活动断裂交汇的海湾附近。河流两岸、海岸、交通沿线和城镇区等人类活动区是潜在水土流失、崩塌和滑坡等坡面灾害发育区。降雨强度和持续时间影响不稳定斜坡出现的机率。雷州半岛的地裂缝与地下水活动密切相关,雨、旱、季节性变化特别是持久的干旱多出现地裂缝现象。隐伏岩溶区过渡抽、排岩溶区地下水是岩溶榻陷形成的直接原因。地面沉降是长期超采地下水,特别是深层承压水的结果。软土因其天然含水量大、孔隙比大、压缩性高、强度低和承载力低,构成了沿海三角洲与滨海平原区工程建筑的非稳定地基。     

黑河流域水环境演变及其驱动机制研究进展

基于近几十年来诸多学者对西北干旱区典型内陆河流域——黑河流域水环境演变诸方面研究成果,综述了上游山区成水环境、中游绿洲用水环境和下游荒漠天然绿洲水成环境在不同时间尺度上的演变过程及其驱动机制。通过对各种古环境代用指标的对比研究表明：在大尺度上,流域上下游表现出阶段性的一致性水环境演变趋势;在小尺度上,则表现水环境演变的时空异质性。驱动机制方面,在空间上,流域上、中、下游水环境演变的气候变化和人类活动影响驱动作用各有侧重;在时间上,表现为不同尺度上气候变化与流域人类活动耦合作用的驱动机制。     

1971—2018年陕西省人体舒适度日数时空变化特征

根据1971—2018年陕西省94个气象观测站逐日气象资料,采用线性倾向率、累积距平、小波分析和EOF分析等方法,对陕西省人体舒适度日数时空变化特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：陕西全省大部分时间体感状态为从冷到舒适,日数占85.2%;体感状态为暖和以上日数较少,无炎热和酷热天气。1981—2018年陕西省平均人体舒适日数为132 d,呈显著增多趋势,线性倾向率为0.524 d·a^-1,四季中春、夏两季人体舒适日数增加最为显著。人体舒适日数存在准4 a和准8 a的振荡周期,滑动T检验表明陕西省及三个地区的人体舒适日数均在1997年左右发生了明显的突变。陕西全省3—11月均存在舒适日,舒适日数主要分布在5—9月,陕北7—8月舒适日数较多,陕西中部6—8月舒适日数较多,陕西南部6—9月舒适日数较多。年人体舒适日数呈现南多北少的空间分布特征,陕南汉中和安康地区最多。EOF分析结果显示,年均人体舒适日数异常分布在全省存在一致性。倾向率空间分布表明陕西全省80%的地区人体舒适日数均呈增长趋势,仅榆林北部、延安北部和安康东部11个区县人体舒适日数呈减少趋势。陕西全省不舒适日数变化...     

华北地区人类文化遗址的地球化学环境演变

在地球演化历史上,第四纪是人类诞生、发展和壮大的时代,它所形成的地质产物中记录了丰富的生态环境信息。河北省境内第四纪岩石地层(泥河湾组、赤城组、马兰组、迁安组)的风化指数CIA,Fe2O3/FeO,Fe/Mn等地球化学参数可作为年均气温、年均降雨量等气候因子的近似代用指标;华北地区人类文化遗址所在地水系沉积物中Hg,Sn和Au等元素含量随人类文明的演进而阶段性增高。这一结果表明,人类为了适应不断变化的自然地理环境(寒冷、干旱),不得不进行技术创新,从而产生了农业耕作、工业革命及现代信息产业等文明进步成果,但与此同时,却也导致了地质环境的人为污染,甚至可能引发全球温室效应。     

气候变化对陆地水循环影响研究的问题

简要地回顾了现存的由气候情景驱动水文模型研究气候变化对陆地水循环影响的方法。指出这种单向连接方法很难将气候变暖及人类活动引起的陆地水循环变化反馈给大气。这既影响对降雨的预测精度,又不能正确地描写陆地水循环的变化。近10年来气候学家对大气环流模型中陆面过程模型的改进以及水文气候学家对大尺度水文模型研究所取得的进展,展现了它们之间的互补性,以及未来用水文-气候耦合模型方法研究气候变化与人类活动对陆地水循环影响及水资源预测的可能性。     

石家庄市地下水中氮污染分析

通过对石家庄市地下水中“三氮”污染状况的分析，发现硝酸盐是地下水中的主要氮污染物，利用氮同位素方法分析了地下水中硝酸盐氮的来源，讨论了人类开采地下水和施放环境物质对地下水中氮聚集的影响，在人类活动影响强度小的地区，地下水中的硝酸盐污染强度大大低于市区。NO3-浓度与硬度变化趋势表明：氮污染与硬度等指标值升高有一定的联系，但在不同的水文地球化学环境中，在迁移和转化等方面又有着自己的特性。