太原盆地历史地震活动特征及未来地震形势估计

对公元1000－1985年太原盆地M≥4.0地震进行了时序分析，结果表明，它们在时间轴上和山西地震带及至华北地区有着相似的平静一起伏变化特点，以此划出4个地震活动期和若干活动幕，指出活动最大地震存在逐步升级现象；在空间上重复性高，形成3个地震巢和以巢为主的地震条带与地震跳迁现象，认为在2000年前后，太原盆地将处在地震高活动时段，有可能在地震巢附近发生若干个中强地震，山西和华北地区强震活动也有可能与之同步。     

A Review on Researches of Active Tectonics——History, Progress and Suggestions1

This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas. By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries, the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s. The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research, such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics, the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics, surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures, active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas, as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology. Furthermore, the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics. These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation, coseismic slip and cumulative slip, fault slip rate, the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event. At the same time, efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories, models, methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to prohabilistic assessment, magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults, and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement. Finally, in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China, the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.     

History of the Limnological Institutes at Lake Constance

This contribution tells the history of the limnological institutes, which were founded at the shores of Lake Constance. The history starts in the late 19th century examining the scientific and personal background of two institutes, the “Anstalt für Bodenseeforschung” in Konstanz-Staad (no longer existing) and the “Institut für Seenforschung und Seenbewirtschaftung” in Langenargen, both founded in 1919/1920. It follows the turbulent history of the institutes during the early 20th century, the 3rd Reich, and the Federal Republic of Germany and examines their competition until their unification in 1970. A third institute, the precursor of the current Limnological Institute of the University of Konstanz was founded in 1948 in the small Black Forest village Falkau, and moved to Konstanz in 1970. In addition, the role of leading limnologists of their time, e.g. Max Auerbach, Reinhard Demoll, Hans-Joachim Elster and August Thienemann in founding and shaping these institutes is described.     

Piešt'any–thermal H2S water and mud

 Slovakia has very rich sources of mineral and thermal waters. One of the warmest is located in Piešt'any. Its discharge rate is 40 l/s; it is Ca-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃-Cl type with T.D.S. 1.4 g/l, H₂S 10 mg/l and temperature 68  °C. The waters seep on the spa island, which lies between the river Váh and its branch. The characteristics of the water and mud predestine the existence of this great spa in Slovakia. Its reputation is based on the treatment of rheumatic and neurological disesases. Received: 15 November 1996 · Accepted: 13 January 1998     

The material conditions for research in France from 1600 to 1850: Physics,chemistry and astronomy

The income of the scientists in France during the 17th to the middle of the 19th century is reviewed and compared to the cost of their instruments. Only a small number of scientists received enough public money to be able to do full-time research; this number increased substantially after the Revolution. Most scientists had to have other sources of income, in particular to be able to purchase their instruments. Large research projects, generally decided and financed by the Academy of Sciences, took place during this period, requiring collaborative interdisciplinary efforts and a considerable logistics: they anticipate our present cooperative programs and giant research facilities.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 1

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

李旭旦先生的学术翻译及其反映的学术理念

李旭旦先生在一生中译著无数,其中为学界所重者莫过于《人地学原理》、《海陆的起源》、《地理学思想史》、《国外地理科学文献选译》。改革开放以来,李先生花了大量宝贵的时间从事学术翻译,其实大有深意。他将翻译作为其复兴全面的人文地理学大业的一部分,是走向世界的基础性工作,也是高水平研究的基础之一,他对学术翻译的重视还隐含了其对学术讨论和对话的重视。目前,我们对世界人文地理学发展仍比较隔膜,为了避免20 世纪50 年代学习苏联时犯下的错误,必须大力迻译国际上的重要研究成果,全面了解国际上的学术状况,形成我们自己的判断,然后确定我们的研究论题和研究方法,从事原创性的研究,编写出世界水准的教科书和著作,走向世界。需要提升学术翻译在学术评价中的地位,这也是李先生翻译工作给我们的启示之一。     

Applying VGI to collaborative research in the humanities: the case of ARTL@S

ABSTRACT

Using Artl@s as an example of a project that relies on volunteered geographic information (VGI), this article examines the specific challenges that exist, beyond those frequently discussed in general VGI systems (e.g., participants’ motivation and data quality control) in regard to sharing research data in humanities: (1) most data from the humanities is qualitative and collected from multiple data sources which are often inconsistent and unmappable; (2) data is usually interconnected with multiple relationships among different tables which creates challenges for both mapping and query functionality; (3) data is both geographical and historical. Consequently addresses that no longer exist have to be geolocated and visualized on historical basemaps and spaces must be represented diachronically; (4) the design of web map application needs to balance both sophisticated research requirements and a user-friendly interface; (5) finally contributors expect their data to be cited or acknowledged when used in other studies and users need metadata and citation information in order to reuse and repurpose datasets.

In this article, we discuss how Artl@s, a project which developed a georeferenced historical database of exhibition catalogues, addresses these challenges. Artl@s provides a case study for VGI adoption by digital humanities scholars for research data sharing, as it offers features, such as flexible batch data contribution, interrelated spatial query, automatic geolocalization of historical addresses, and data citation mechanisms.     

Temporal vulnerability in hazardscapes: Flood memory-networks and referentiality along the North Carolina Neuse River (USA)

Social models of population vulnerability to disasters increasingly include the notion that vulnerability has a strong temporal component. While this temporality is typically conceptualized as objective (making vulnerability “dynamic,” “multiscalar,” and/or “historical”), it consistently fails to acknowledge that among stakeholders managing hazardscapes temporality is also a social process in which subjective experience of time may play a role in creating situations of population vulnerability. This paper proposes that the temporal situatedness of a population relative to past hazard events and the quality with which stakeholders engage hazard memory-chains combine to significantly influences its vulnerability to natural hazards. It is proposed that this temporal vulnerability is characterized by shared, population level potential for surprise and can be evaluated by exploration of time-series depth and temporal reference points in historical ecological narratives and documents. Based on ethnohistoric research conducted from 2002 to 2006 in flood-prone eastern North Carolina (USA), it is illustrated how temporal vulnerability was relatively higher in the Neuse River watershed located at the City of Kinston than surrounding watersheds. Due to the combination of factors including the damming of the Neuse River in the 1980s, outdated official floodplain maps, relatively unmonitored floodplain development, the stochastic timing of flood events (placing the last major flood more than a generation away), technological optimism, and turnover of floodplain officials and residents, local stakeholders were seriously misinformed about the space-time risks involved both before and after the disaster of Hurricane Floyd (1999) happened. To deal with this inconsistency, the temporal rarity of Hurricane Floyd as a “500-year event” has been motivated and embraced by many in an effort to continue life-as-is. The paper proposes that the concept of temporal vulnerability is further explored and used as key dimension in the vulnerability sciences.