基于3D+-TPR-tree的点目标全时段移动索引设计

在经典3D R-tree基础上提出新的3D R-tree索引,通过改变待索引数据项的结构并重新设计查询处理算法,减少包容矩形死区,提高查询效率;为了满足全时段查询要求,设计一种称为3D -TPR-tree的联合索引结构,并对其中TPR-tree的参数包容矩形的调整算法进行优化。通过测试,证明3D R-tree的查询效率明显高于普通3D R-tree;此外,测试结果也表明经过优化的参数包容矩形的调整算法也部分提升了TPR-tree的查询性能。     

差分GPS水下立体定位导航系统的时间测量

差分GPS水下立体定位系统是通过测量同一水声信号到达不同浮标的时刻,计算水下收发机到各枚浮标的距离差,实现水下立体双曲线交会定位的。本文对水下立体定位导航系统的数学模型进行了推导。根据差分GPS水下立体定位导航系统的要求对GPS接收机时钟同步进行了详细分析,同时对GPS接收机接口数据输出和支持的三种时间测量方案进行了介绍,并对时间延迟进行了分析。     

Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase (LNP) were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel, Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) sites and 29 coastal tide gauge stations. The results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min (approximately 1.7％ of the total travel time) relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean tsunami. The delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel time. It was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise, but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep ocean. We determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min, which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami source. Most of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40％, with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase amplitude. We performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model, which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility, self-attraction and loading (SAL) of the earth, and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami waveforms. We attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP, and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami event. The mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water model. Taking all of these effects into consideration, our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated waveforms. We can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and reproduce the LNP, which is observed for tsunamis that have propagated over long distances frequently. The travel time delay between the observed and corrected simulated waveforms is reduced to <8 min and the amplitude discrepancy between them was also markedly diminished. The incorporated effects amounted to approximately 78％ of the travel time delay correction, with seawater density stratification, SAL, and Boussinesq dispersion contributing approximately 39％, 21％, and 18％, respectively. The simulated results showed that the elastic loading and Boussinesq dispersion not only affected travel time but also changed the simulated waveforms for this event. In contrast, the seawater stratification only reduced the tsunami speed, whereas the earth's elasticity loading was responsible for LNP due to the depression of the seafloor surrounding additional tsunami loading at far-field stations. This study revealed that the traditional shallow water model has inherent defects in estimating tsunami arrival, and the leading negative phase of a tsunami is a typical recognizable feature of a moderately strong transoceanic tsunami. These results also support previous theory and can help to explain the observed discrepancies.     

基于GPS非差技术近实时获取对流层延迟

本文提出一种近实时获取高精度对流层延迟(Zenith Tropospheric Delay,ZTD)的方法。该方法基于全球GPS参考站网络的非差观测值数据和IGU预报产品(卫星轨道和ERP),使用GPS非差技术和卡尔曼滤波近实时估计各参考站的高精度ZTD。将该方法应用于香港GPS参考站网得到的ZTD与基于事后技术计算的ZTD进行比较后发现,两者的平均偏差均优于5mm,RMS均优于6mm。     

试论未来极端气候事件发展趋势的不确定性

极端气候事件是在一定时间尺度上发生的不同于气候系统平均状态的气候突变.早第三纪的最热事件（PETM）,第四纪中国黄土高原古土壤S4、S5记录的暖湿事件,砂黄土L9、L15记录的干冷事件等都是在轨道时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件.末次冰消期的YD冷事件、全新世9次冷事件是在千—百年尺度上发生的极端气候事件.这些极端气候事件出现于地球气候系统不同的冷暖背景下,它们的成因机制和表现形式有很多不确定性.20世纪以来发生的干旱、洪水、飓风、雪灾、沙尘暴等极端气候事件,无法用持续增加的温室气体的变化来解释.关于极端气候事件发生频率和强度随＂全球变暖＂而增加的结论也存在一定程度的不确定性.因此,简单地将现代极端气候事件统统归因于＂气候变暖＂既不科学也不合理.深入研究各个时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件的波动性、周期性和不确定性特征,有助于科学预测未来气候变化背景下极端气候事件的发展趋势.     

基于方志资料重建1644-1949年长江三角洲地区台风频次序列(英文)

The proxy records on typhoons in the Yangtze River Delta from 1644 to 1949AD were extracted from historical chorographies in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Period.In reference to the basic principles for identifying historical typhoons,time series on the Yangtze River Delta over a period of 306 years were developed.The conclusions are as follows.(1) There were a total of 241 typhoons from 1644 to 1949AD.Using the historical chorographies from 1884 to 1949AD,the number of typhoons was 65,equal to 87.8% recorded by meteorological observation.The number of years with differences in typhoon activities reconstructed using two ways no more than once is 55,reaching 83.3% in the period from 1884 to 1949AD.This result means the series of historical typhoons reconstructed using historical chorographies can represent the change of typhoon activities over years.(2) The average number of typhoon activities is 0.79 times per year from 1644 to 1949AD,and they show an increasing trend.These 306 years can be divided into three periods by the average number of typhoon activities:it is low from 1644 to 1784AD,and more typhoon activities are found from 1785 to 1904AD.It is worth noting that the number of typhoon activities reaches the summit in the last period,which is 1.2 times per year from 1905 to 1949AD.(3) Before the 20th century,the number of typhoon activities in warm periods is less than the number of cold periods.However,the number of typhoon activities increased dramatically in the early 20th century.Comparing the typhoon activities with El Ni o events,the data show that the number of typhoon activities did not increase when El Ni o occurred.     

水流注入方式和填料层高度对人工湿地流态的影响

流态模拟实验作为评价人工净化湿地系统运行状况、物质在其中停留时间的有效工具,在污水处理领域具有重要作用。罗丹明B背景浓度低、重现性好,被选为评价升流式、降流式和填料层高度对水力流态影响的示踪剂。实验使用罗丹明B和NaCl作为示踪剂,在湿地系统中进行流态实验,探究升流式、降流式和填料层高度对人工净化湿地流态的影响。实验结果表明,升流式人工湿地比降流式人工湿地处理效果好,示踪剂水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)的体积利用率分别为82.0%和76.8%,升流式人工湿地无效体积中死区占更大比例,而降流式人工湿地滞留区占无效体积的比例更大;人工湿地填料层高度对示踪剂停留时间分布影响不大,体积利用率都在80%以上,但是,其死区和滞留区随着填料层高度的变化在无效体积中所占的比例有所差异,死区所占的比例随着填料层高度的增加先增加后减少,滞留区所占的比例则先减少后增加。     

Time and Practice: Learning to Become a Geographer

Abstract

Illustrated Dictionary of Place Names: United States and Canada. By Kelsie B. Harder. New York: Van Nostrand, 1976. Pp. xiv + 631, $18.95.

Middle America: Its Lands and Peoples. 2nd ed. By Robert C. West and John P. Augelli. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. Pp. xvii + 494, $14.95.

Contemporary Africa: Geography and Change. Edited by C. Gregory Knight and James L. Newman. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. Pp. xiv + 546, $14.95.

Atlas of Mexico. By Stanley A. Arbingast et al. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex.: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, 1975. Pp. ix + 165, $15.00.

Readings in Social Geography. Edited by Emrys Jones. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 328, $18.50 and $6.95.

California: Patterns on the Land. 5th ed. By Robert Durrenberger and Robert Johnson. A California Council for Geographic Education Publication. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing, 1976. Pp. viii + 134, $6.95.

Studying China in Elementary and Secondary Schools, Studying India in Elementary and Secondary Schools, and Studying Japan in Elementary and Secondary Schools. By Leonard S. Ken-worthy. World Affairs Guides. New York: Teachers College Press, 1975. Pp. 68, iii + 67, and iii + 65, $2.75 each.

World Regional Geography: A Question of Place. By Paul Ward English and James Andrew Miller. Harper &; Row Series in Geography. New York: Harper &; Row, 1977. Pp. xiii + 591, $15.95.

Census Data: Geographic Significance and Classroom Utility. Edited by Borden D. Dent. Tualatin, Oreg.: Geographic and Area Study Publications, 1976. Pp. ix + 277.

The Middle East: A Geographical Study. By Peter Beaumont, Gerald H. Blake, and Malcolm J. Wagstaff. London: John Wiley &; Sons, 1976. Pp. xvii + 572, $25.50 and $14.95.

Man's Economic Environment. By Edgar C. Conklingand Maurice Yeates. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976. Pp. xi + 308, $11.95.

Applied Climatology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. By John F. Griffiths. New York/London: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. xiii + 136, $9.00.

Man and the Environment: Regional Perspectives. Edited by J. H. Holmes. Hawthorn, Victoria: Longman Australia Pty Limited, 1976. Pp. vi + 261, $7.95.

Introduction to Cultural Geography. 5th ed. By Henry M. Kendall, Robert M. Glendinning, Clifford H. MacFadden, and Craig H. MacFadden. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. Pp. xx + 449, $12.95.

Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. 3rd ed. By Thomas Eugene Avery. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. xi + 392, $14.95.

Geography of the U.S.S.R. 3rd ed. By Paul Lydolph. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1977. Pp. xi + 495, $18.95.     

基于小波与R/S方法的汉江中下游流域降水量时间序列分析

基于汉江中下游流域9个国家气象站1961～2006年的降水数据,综合采用Morlet小波分析、小波分解和R/S分析方法,对流域降水量周期和未来趋势进行分析及预测。研究结果表明:汉江中下游流域年降水量存在5年左右的短周期和10～15年的中长周期;部分气象站可能存在40年左右长周期,需要更长的时间序列验证。基于通过小波分解提取的历史降水量变化趋势,进一步结合R/S分析表明,汉江中下游流域降水量时间序列总体上存在比较明显的赫斯特现象,未来该流域面临较大的防洪压力。     

台站迁移对陕西省气温资料均一性的影响及其偏差订正

利用陕西省74个台站1961-2008年气温资料和台站沿革资料,采用二相回归法进行均一性检测和订正。结果发现台站迁移对气温资料的均一性有明显的影响,陕北台站迁移较少,关中和陕南迁站较多,全省74个台站中有24个台站资料的非均一性是因为台站迁移而引起的,对其中的12个台站进行了调整,使得全省气温序列从南至北分布具有较好的‘均一性’。