海带育苗水系微生物的监测与控制

现场及实验室试验表明,近岸水中细菌丰度因时因地有较大差别,近岸水在潮周期中以高潮前后细菌量较低;海水在沉淀贮存过程中细菌丰度有明显变化,且与海水中营养物含量、贮存温度等有关;海水经沙滤后能减少细菌90％左右;回水中脱落苗进入贮水池,是贮水池中细菌数量增长10余倍的主要原因。     

Distribution and ecology of Nectocarcinus antarcticus and N. bennetti (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the New Zealand region

The distributions of two swimming crabs endemic to the New Zealand region are described, mostly from material obtained at 118 of 2544 New Zealand Oceanographic Institute benthic stations sampled.

Nectocarcinus antarcticus (Jacquinot) was found within the geographic limits 34°S‐51°S and 166° E‐176° W, with concentrations around Cook Strait, the Chatham Rise, Foveaux Strait, and the Auckland Is. N. bennetti (Takeda & Miyake) occurred between 44° S and 53° S, and 165° E and 180°, most frequently in the south and west, on the ‘highs’ of the Campbell Plateau. Although the distributions overlap between 44° S and 51° S, and this overlap zone produced most of the available material, only one joint occurrence of the two species was noted. This apparent separation was not satisfactorily explained by any of the ecological factors recorded. The depth ranges of both species were broadly similar (0–550 m for TV. antarcticus, 20–474 m for JV. bennetti); both were most frequently obtained at depths less than 200 m. Both occurred primarily on the coarser sediment grades, though N. antarcticus occupied a broader range of grades than N. bennetti.

The size ranges of the two species were similar; carapace lengths were 8.0–62.0 mm for N. antarcticus and 5.8–68.0 mm for N. bennetti. The larger specimens of both species were found towards the southern limits of distribution. Larger specimens of N. antarcticus were absent from depths greater than 120 m; smaller N. antarcticus and all N. bennetti occurred throughout their respective depth ranges. Ovigerous N. antarcticus (smallest, 8.8 mm carapace length) were obtained at depths of 17–263 m from May to October; ovigerous N. bennetti (smallest 36.1 mm) were from depths of 150–183 m in May only.     

南黄海秋季浮游病毒丰度分布及其与宿主和环境因子的相关性研究

利用流式细胞仪对南黄海秋季浮游病毒丰度在水平分布和垂直分布上的特征进行了研究,并分析了浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌、微微型浮游植物等宿主丰度以及环境因子的相关性.结果表明,该海区秋季浮游病毒丰度在(2.22×106)-(1.60× 107)ind/ml之间,平均值8.32×106ind/ml.病毒丰度在调查海域的东北和中南部海域出现高值区,在西南部出现低值区,且浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌丰度的平面分布趋势较一致.在表层、中层和底层水体,浮游病毒丰度平均值分别为8.63×106、7.83×106、8.49×106ind/ml,表层和底层丰度无显著差异,但均高于中层(P＜0.05).相关性分析表明,浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌丰度、VBR呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),与微微型真核浮游植物丰度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),与聚球藻、水深、水温、盐度、溶氧、叶绿素a浓度无明显相关性(P＞0.05).     

楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌的地理分布

本文用MPN法测定楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌(GAB)的含量,并对其地理学分布进行分析。结果表明,研究区GAB的检出率高达100%。4℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为4.00×102-2.40×106个.g-1、1.71×106个.g-1。25℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为2.40×105-2.40×107个.g-1、1.10×107个.g-1。无论是含量范围,还是平均含量,均是25℃时的培养结果大于4℃时的培养结果。GAB含量的地理分布趋势是随纬度增高,含量呈降低趋势。在经度变化上则为由东向西,含量呈降低趋势。对沉积物所处水深的分析,表明其在4℃培养得出来的GAB含量随水深增加有下降的趋势,25℃培养出来的GAB含量受环境影响较小,与水深变化关系不明显。     

大亚湾网箱养殖区异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

研究了大亚湾网箱养殖水体中细菌的数量动态，以探讨其变化规律与鱼病的关系。结果表明：总细菌、弧菌的数量变化各异，网箱内、网箱外和对照海区细菌数量分布与变化不同。养殖区异养细菌丰值期在4-5月份，5月份最高；网箱水体弧菌的丰值期在6-11月，最高在8月；网箱外丰值期在7-9月，最高在8月，对照海区最高值在9月．其他时间变化不大。无论是异养菌还是弧菌，细菌值大小顺序为网箱内、网箱外、对照海区。弧菌数量与部分环境因子相关性较为密切，但相关程度随不同空间而不同，可能受其他环境条件影响。弧菌的高值期与弧菌病的流行期相吻合，鱼体受伤或其他原因引起细菌感染也会使水体中细菌数量升高。     

Laboratory analysis of the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on respiration in biological soil crusts

Metabolic activity of Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) is principally dependent on moisture availability, but also on temperature and light conditions. Less understood is how BSCs respond to elevated atmospheric CO₂. This paper reports laboratory experimental results of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on carbon fluxes for cyanobacterial BSCs. The study uses newly designed dynamic gas exchange chambers in which the internal atmosphere was controlled. CO₂ flux was monitored during controlled experiments in two phases under simulated rainfall events (2 & 5 mm plus control with no wetting) each lasting 3 days with a dry period in between. Phase 1 subjected crusts to 392 ppm CO₂ (representing ambient level) in dry air; in phase 2, the CO₂ concentration was 801 ppm. Both phases exhibited significant efflux (respiration) of CO₂ immediately after wetting, followed by substantial influx (sequestration) of CO₂. Samples subject to 2 mm wetting sequestered an order of magnitude more C under elevated CO₂ than at ambient CO₂; for samples subject to 5 mm wetting, this increase was threefold. The findings highlight the role of BSCs in future carbon budgets by enabling greater sequestration into dryland soils even under enhanced atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, following both light and heavy rainfall events.     

Geographical distribution of general aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in surficial sediments from the Chukchi Sea and Canadian Basin

This paper determined the abundance of General Aerobic heterotrophic Bacteria(GAB) in surficial sediments from the Chukchi Sea and the Canadian basin by using MPN and discussed their geographical distribution.The result shows that the determination percentages of the GAB were high,even till 100 percentage.The abundance range and averages of GAB for 4℃and 25℃ were from 4.00×102 to 2.40×106,1.71×106 ind.·g-1(wet sample) and from 2.40×105 to 2.40×107,1.10×107 ind.·g-1(wet sample) respectively.Not only the abundance range but also the averages of GAB in 25℃ were higher than that in 4℃.The abundance of GAB in sediments show a tendency that it is roughly greater in the lower latitudinal area than in the higher latitudinal area.The abundance of GAB increased from east to west as for the longitudinal distribution.With the water depth increasing,the abundance of GAB at 4℃ decreased,but GBA at 25℃ is not changed obviously with water depth.It seems that warmer circumstantial temperature is more suitable for some GAB.     

东海异养细菌生产力的时空分布

1997年 2— 3月和 1 998年 7月 ,在东海海区乘“科学一号”考察船进行两个航次的调查 ,利用异养细菌特异示踪物 [甲基 - 3H]胸腺嘧啶核苷 (3H -Tdr)并入DNA的速率测定东海 (2 7°— 32°N ,1 2 2°— 1 30°E)异养细菌生产力 (BP)。结果表明 ,1 997年 2— 3月 (冬季 )异养细菌生产力较低 [0 46— 2 62 μgC/(L·h) ],1 998年 7月 (夏季 )异养细菌生产力较高 [3 50—1 5 70 μgC/(L·h) ]。冬季和夏季在长江口和 41 0站附近都有一个异养细菌生产力的高值区。通过两个连续站的昼夜观测发现冬季异养细菌生产力变化是底层 >中层 >表层 ,夏季是中层>底层 >表层。异养细菌生产力与初级生产力 (PP)之比 ,即BP PP ,冬季的均值为 0 1 7(0 0 4— 0 30 ) ,夏季的均值为 0 32 (0 2 1— 0 43)。BP PP冬季的高值区在长江口附近 ,夏季的高值区在 1 1 1站附近 ,这与长江冲淡水有密切相关。     

Biological controls on bacterial populations in ballast water during ocean transit

Bacteria (and viruses) numerically dominate ballast water communities, but what controls their population dynamics during transit is largely unexplored. Here, bacterial abundance, net and intrinsic growth rates, and grazing mortality were determined during a trans-Atlantic voyage. The effects of grazing pressure by microzooplankton on heterotrophic bacteria during transit were determined for source port, mid-ocean exchange (MOE), and six-day-old source port ballast water. When the grazer component was removed, bacterial abundances significantly increased. Additionally, we determined that the grazer-mediated mortality for ballast water originating from ports was greater than MOE water and that mortality decreased over time for the source port ballast water. This study shows that bacterial populations in transit are controlled by microzooplankton grazing. If these findings are representative of ballast water environments, they suggest that if the grazing component is selectively removed by various treatment methods, bacterial populations may increase; this could have environmental and human health consequences.     

The distribution characteristics of bacterial beta-glucosidase activity in Taiwan strait

Twenty stations were established in the near-shore regions of South Fujian Shoal (116°10′–119°00^′ E, 21°20′–24°10′ N) on summer and winter cruises during the period from August 1997 and February to March 1998. The distribution pattern of marine bacterial β-glucosidase activity (β-GlcA) has been investigated by using fluorogenic model substrate (FMS) technique in order to have better understanding of the β-GlcA, as well as its relation to marine bacterial biomass, productivity and environmental factors in Taiwan strait. The results showed that: (1) In summer, the average of β-GlcA at the Southern stations of Taiwan strait was 1.94 nmol/1 h. While in winter, the average of β-GlcA at the Northern stations was 0.86 nmol/1 h and the range of variation (0.34–1.89 nmol/1 h) was much more narrow than that in summer (0.31–8.1 nmol/1 h). (2) According to the carbon conversion factor, the β-GlcA was 0.14 and 0.062 ugc/1 h in summer and winter respectively. These β-GlcA values were higher than the bacterial production of the two seasons respectively. (3) The β-GlcA gradually rises from offshore water to near-shore water. (4) The correlation between the β-GlcA and the bacterial secondary production was not so obvious. (5) The correlation between the section distributions, daily varying of the β-GlcA and the bacterial production was not obvious. (6) In the surface water, the distribution character of free-state β-GlcA from bacteria was equal to that of the total β-GlcA in the whole sea area.