Measured And Simulated Latent And Sensible Heat Fluxes At Two Marine Sites In The Baltic Sea

In this study, turbulent heat flux data from two sites within the Baltic Sea are compared with estimates from two models. The main focus is on the latent heat flux. The measuring sites are located on small islands close to the islands of Bornholm and Gotland. Both sites have a wide wind direction sector with undisturbed over-water fetch. Mean parameters and direct fluxes were measured on masts during May to December 1998.The two models used in this study are the regional-scale atmospheric model HIRLAM and the ocean model PROBE-Baltic. It is shown that both models overestimate the sensible and latent heat fluxes. The overestimation can, to a large extent, be explained by errors in the air-water temperature and humidity differences. From comparing observed and modelled data, the estimated 8-month mean errors in temperature and humidity are up to 1 °C and 1 g kg^-1, respectively. The mean errors in the sensible and latent heat fluxes for the same period are approximately 15 and 30 W m^-2, respectively.Bulk transfer coefficients used for calculating heat and humidity fluxes at the surface were shown to agree rather well with the measurements, at least for the unstable data. For stable stratification, the scatter in data is generally large, and it appears that the bulk formulation chosen overestimates turbulent heat fluxes.     

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF SECOND-MOMENT TURBULENT VARIABLES*

Two kinds of observational data,fluctuation and mean profile measurements,from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing,China,are used to evaluate local scales of velocity and temperature for higher heights by flux-gradient mean profiles and eddy-correlation techniques.A comparison of these methods each other was made in terms of vertical turbulence fluxes for momentum and beat at the same heigbt.The vertical profiles of non-dimensional second moments.such as vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat.velocity and temperature standard deviations,were derived by local similarity theory.The local similarity relations expressed that the vertical distributions of non-dimensional second moment variables were found to be functions of z/Λ and z/h in the stable boundary layer and the function of z/Z_i for the convective boundary layer,where A the local Monin Obukhov(M-O) length. h the height of stable boundary layer and Z_i the height of mixed-layer.These relations are shown to agree well with the observational data.     

南京地区中暑天气条件指数研究预报

本文采用南京地区1988－1997年每年夏季逐日各项气象要素及全市各医院同期重症中暑人数进行统计筛选出热夏年：1988年、1994年、1995年，对这三年中暑期重症中暑病例资料与气象资料进行相关统计分析，找出相关性较好的气象因子，经过方程化筛选，得出气温、湿度、气压、对中暑影响较大。三日滑动平均值为主要预报因子。设计中暑指数数学模式。根据中暑病病理、程度将中暑天气条件分三个等级，给出三个不同的中暑天气条件指数临界值，经过1998年、1999年试报验证，准确率较高，社会效益较好。该指数预测模式基本可行。     

青藏高原地表热通量变化及其对初夏东亚大气环流的影响

应用NCEP地面热通量资料, 研究了青藏高原地面感热、潜热的气候状况及其与初夏东亚大气环流之间的关系。发现高原地面热通量的异常将影响高原地区上空的垂直运动与辐散辐合运动, 从而引起东亚地区高度场及风场的异常。同时, 青藏高原地区地面热通量与后期东亚地区的环流变化也有密切关系, 这种关系可为预测东亚地区初夏环流异常提供有意义的指标。     

天然气水合物的地热研究进展

天然气水合物的地热研究在以下几个方面都取得了重要进展，热流与似海底反射层的关系，水合物稳定带的研究；水合物热物理参数的确定；水合物形成过程中的热状态；热导率的应用，指出了今后水合物的地热学研究方向。     

南海北部1987～1988年颗粒物质和硅藻通量的季节性变化:季风气候与 El Nino的响应

南海北部1987年9月～1988年10月沉积物捕获器中颗粒物质和硅藻通量的季节性变化受到季风气候的控制.颗粒物质与硅藻在东北和西南季风盛行期增加,在季风转变期减少.浅层和深层的颗粒总通量、蛋白石通量、碳酸钙通量、蛋白石/颗粒总通量比值、碳酸钙/颗粒总通量比值、有机碳/磷的比值以及浅层硅藻Thalassionema nitzschioides、Coscinodiscus excentricus、Coscinodiscus nodulifer、Nitzschia marina和Rhizosolenia bergonii的通量在东北季风期间明显地增加了,这些变化可能与1987年～1988年发生的EINino事件相关.     

Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance, fecundity and recruitment in marine fish: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus)

Effects of global warming on animal distribution and performance become visible in many marine ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for a cause and effect understanding with respect to temperature changes and to explain ecological findings based on physiological processes. The concept is based on a wide comparison of invertebrate and fish species with a special focus on recent data obtained in two model species of fish. These fish species are both characterized by northern and southern distribution limits in the North Atlantic: eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), as a typical non-migrating inhabitant of the coastal zone and the cod (Gadus morhua), as a typical inhabitant of the continental shelf with a high importance for fisheries.Mathematical modelling demonstrates a clear significant correlation between climate induced temperature fluctuations and the recruitment of cod stocks. Growth performance in cod is optimal at temperatures close to 10°C, regardless of the population investigated in a latitudinal cline. However, temperature specific growth rates decrease at higher latitudes. Also, fecundity is less in White Sea than in North and Baltic Sea cod or eelpout populations. These findings suggest that a cold-induced shift in energy budget occurs which is unfavorable for growth performance and fecundity. Thermal tolerance limits shift depending on latitude and are characterized by oxygen limitation at both low or high temperatures. Oxygen supply to tissues is optimized at low temperature by a shift in hemoglobin isoforms and oxygen binding properties to lower affinities and higher unloading potential. Protective stimulation of heat shock protein synthesis was not observed.According to a recent model of thermal tolerance the downward shift of tolerance limits during cold adaptation is associated with rising mitochondrial densities and, thus, aerobic capacity and performance in the cold, especially in eurythermal species. At the same time the costs of mitochondrial maintenance reflected by mitochondrial proton leakage should rise leaving a lower energy fraction for growth and reproduction. The preliminary conclusion can be drawn that warming will cause a northern shift of distribution limits for both species with a rise in growth performance and fecundity larger than expected from the Q₁₀ effect in the north and lower growth or even extinction of the species in the south. Such a shift may heavily affect fishing activities in the North Sea.     

The heat capacity of two natural chlorite group minerals derived from differential scanning calorimetry

The heat capacity of natural chamosite (X_Fe=0.889) and clinochlore (X_Fe=0.116) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction, microprobe analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. DSC measurements between 143 and 623?K were made following the procedure of Bosenick et?al. (1996). The fitted data for natural chamosite (CA) in J?mol^?1?K^?1 give: C _p,CA = 1224.3–10.685?×?10³?×?T ^??0.5???6.4389?× 10⁶?×T ^??2?+?8.0279?×?10⁸?×?T ^??3 and for the natural clinochlore (CE): C _p,CE = 1200.5–10.908?×?10³?×T ^??0.5?? 5.6941?×?10⁶?×?T ^??2?+?7.1166?×?10⁸?×?T ^??3. The corrected C _p-polynomial for pure end-member chamosite (Fe₅Al)[Si₃AlO₁₀](OH)₈ is C _p,CAcor = 1248.3–11.116?× 10³?×?T ^??0.5???5.1623?×?10⁶?×?T ^??2?+?7.1867?×?10⁸×T ^??3 and the corrected C _p-polynomial for pure end-member clinochlore (Mg₅Al)[Si₃AlO₁₀](OH)₈ is C _p,CEcor = 1191.3–10.665?×?10³?×?T ^??0.5???6.5136?×?10⁶?×?T ^??2?+ 7.7206?×?10⁸?×?T ^??3. The corrected C _p-polynomial for clinochlore is in excellent agreement with that in the internally consistent data sets of Berman (1988) and Holland and Powell (1998). The derived C _p-polynomial for chamosite (C _p,CAcor) leads to a 4.4% higher heat capacity, at 300?K, compared to that estimated by Holland and Powell (1998) based on a summation method. The corrected C _p-polynomial (C _p,CAcor) is, however, in excellent agreement with the computed C _p-polynomial given by Saccocia and Seyfried (1993), thus supporting the reliability of Berman and Brown's (1985) estimation method of heat capacities.     

ESTIMATES OF SEA SURFACE FLUXES DURING TOGA-COARE IOP

With the marine ship observation data set obtained by three cruise-phases of Chinese Xi-angyanghong 5 from November 5,1992 to February 19,1993 in the TOGA-COARE IOP at 2°S,156°E.the sea surface fluxes at this point are estimated by three different bulk schemes.Firstly.aquasi-linear relation is found between the neutral drag coefficients and wind speed.Then,the sta-bility-dependent drag and heat transfer coefficients are solved in the iterative method.Based onthus-derived transfer coefficients,the momentum,sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated.In the warm pool region,the fluxes corresponding to the westeily winds are much greater thanthose of the easterly trade winds.The magnitude of sea surface fluxes depends upon the atmo-spheric stability as well,in particular in the case of weak wind condition.The estimated sea sur-face net heat budget shows that considerable amount of heat transport from ocean to atmosphere ismainly produced by the effective longwave radiation,latent and sensible heat fluxes.Among themthe value of latent heat flux is the largest and the sensible heat flux is the smallest.Finally,an ac-curacy analysis is made by direct measurements with the eddy-correlation method on the JapaneseR/V Hakuho board at the same time.It is shown that the bulk-derived fluxes are acceptable withmuch confidence.The estimated effective longwave radiation is used to compare with those by di-rect observations on Xiangyanghong 5.This research is compared with TOGA investigation in thetropical western Pacific.     

云南地壳生热率分布

研究地壳岩石放射性生热率的垂向分布，是研究深部热结构的基础。根据深部地震测深资料，利用地震波速与生热率之间的关系，估计了云南地壳生热率的垂向分布。全区上地壳生热率一般为０．８～２．１μＷ／ｍ３，中地壳为０．４～１．２μＷ／ｍ３，下地壳为０．１１～０．５５μＷ／ｍ３