Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part I. Radiative Aspects

The structure of the radiatively dominated stable boundary layer is analysed using idealized calculations at high vertical and spectral resolution. The temperature profile of a nocturnal radiative boundary layer, developing after the evening transition, is found to be well described in terms of radiative cooling to the surface, although radiative exchanges within the atmosphere become increasingly important with time. The treatment of non-black surfaces is discussed in some detail and it is shown that the effect of reducing the surface emissivity is to decrease rather than to increase the radiative cooling rate in the surface layer. It is also argued that an accurate assessment of the impact of non-black surfaces requires careful attention to the spectral and directional characteristics of the surface emissivity. A polar nocturnal boundary layer, developing above snow-covered ground, is simulated and found to reach a slowly evolving state characterized by a strong radiative divergence near the surface that is comparable to observed values. Radiative boundary layers are characterized by large temperature gradients near the surface. An erratum to this article can be found at     

珠峰和曲宗站2005年4,5月近地辐射能收支初步分析

利用中国科学院又一次珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察(2005年4,5月)期间获得的辐射资料分析该地区地表辐射能的日变化,以及不同海拔高度、不同下垫面辐射各分量的异同,同时分析了不同海拔高度地表反照率在4月和5月的月变化和日变化。     

正压准共振三波能量和拟能的传输

从准地转正压涡度方程出发，在ｋ１＋ｋ２＋ｋ３＝△ｋ、ｌ１＋ｌ２＋ｌ３＝０和ω１＋ω２＋ω３＝０的准共振条件下，分析了准共振三波能量和位涡拟能的传输。当△ｋ很小时，准共振三波组的总能量和总拟能近似守恒；三波之间能量和拟能的传输方向与共振情况基本相同，但中波向长波传输较多能量、向短波传输较多拟能和三波之间产生能量与拟能传输这三者的可能非线性准共振的面积与共振时相比均有较大的变化，而三者的面积比也有较明     

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration by Combining Aircraftand Ground-Based Measurements

Two methods are examined for combining measurements from instrumented aircraftand towers to estimate regional scale evapotranspiration. Aircraft data provided spatially averaged values of properties of the surface, the evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance. These quantities are less sensitive to meteorological conditions than the turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapour themselves. The methods allowed aircraft data collected over several days to be averaged and thus to reduce the random error associated with the temporal under-sampling inherent in aircraft measurements. Evaporative fraction is estimated directly from the aircraft data, while maximum stomatal conductance is estimated by coupling the Penman–Monteith equation to a simple model relating surface conductance to the incoming shortwave radiation and specific humidity saturation deficit. The spatial averages of evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance can then be used with routine tower data to estimate the regional scale evapotranspiration. Data from aircraft flights and six ground based sites during the OASIS field campaign in south–east New South Wales in 1995 have been used to check the methods. Both the evaporative fraction and the maximum stomatal conductance derived from the aircraft data give information on the spatial variability of the surface energy budget at scales from 10 to 100 km. Daily averaged latent heat fluxes estimated using these methods for the OASIS study region agree with the available observations in quasi-stationary conditions or in weakly non-stationary conditions when the data from several aircraft flights are averaged to reduce the impact of short term imbalances in the surface energy budget.     

初论双三次数值模式

讨论在数学Rn空间里,存在孔斯双三次曲面拟合的可能数值模式(以下称双三次数值模式)。双三次数值模式特点是,在诊断上对天气系统中的由各个物理定律表述的(离散点)大气物理量场,可通过数学三次样条函数做双三次曲面拟合,则模式大气(包括天气系统)的各个物理量场均达到二阶可导,即是大气运动方程中的各个物理量场都存在各自的一、二阶空间微商,从而可以对模式大气与天气系统做时间积分。与有限差分模式和谱模式存在所谓的空间截断误差和波数截断误差相比较,双三次数值模式存在所谓的空间拟合误差,恰是现行有限差分模式空间截断误差的高阶小量。而双三次数值模式具有谱模式准确计算空间微商的优点,且双三次数值模式的数学构架能够较好地适应大气运动动力框架,是可与有限差分模式和谱模式相比较的另一数值分析新算法的气象数值模式。     

集合卡尔曼滤波同化中雷达位置的敏感性研究

针对对流尺度集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）雷达资料同化中雷达位置对同化的影响进行研究。为了考察强对流出现在雷达不同方位时集合卡尔曼滤波同化雷达资料的能力,以一个理想风暴为例,设计了8个均匀分布在模拟区域周围的模拟雷达进行试验。单雷达同化试验中,初期同化对雷达位置较敏感,而十几个循环后对雷达方位的敏感性降低。造成初期同化效果较差的雷达观测位于模拟区域正南和正北方向,这两部雷达与模拟区域中心的连线垂直于风暴移动方向（即环境气流的方向）。双雷达试验的结果表明,正东、正南、正西和正北方向的雷达组合观测会使同化初期误差较大,这说明并不是所有与风暴连线成90°的雷达组合都能在短时同化中得到合理的分析结果,还需要都处于模拟区域对角线上（即与环境气流成45°夹角）,同化效果才较好。短时同化后的确定性预报结果表明,较大分析误差也会导致较大预报误差。这些分析误差主要是由于同化初期不准确的集合平均场驱动出的不合理的背景误差协方差造成的。当背景场随着同化循环得到改进后,驱动出的合理的背景误差协方差使得不同位置雷达同化造成的差异逐步减小。基于上述结果,引入迭代集合均方根滤波（iEnSRF）算法,结果显示使用该算法后,雷达位置对同化效果的影响减小,同化不同位置的雷达资料均能有效降低分析和预报误差。      

Improved Representation of Land-surface Heterogeneity in a Non-hydrostatic Numerical Weather Prediction Model

This study focuses on the relevance of accurate surface parameters, in particular soil moisture, and of parameterizations for heterogeneous land surfaces, for the prediction of sensible and latent heat fluxes by a mesoscale weather forecast model with horizontal grid resolution of 7 km. The analysis is based on model integrations for a 30-day period, which are compared both to flux measurements obtained from the LITFASS-2003 field experiment and to high-resolution-model (1-km grid spacing) results. At first, the relevance of improved parameter sets and input data compared to usual operational practice for an accurate prediction of near-surface fluxes is shown and discussed. It is demonstrated that an observation-based land-surface assimilation scheme leads to an improved soil moisture analysis, which is shown to be essential for the realistic simulation of surface fluxes. Secondly, the implementation of two efficient parameterization strategies for subgrid-scale variability of the surface, the mosaic and the tile approach, is presented. Using these methods, the simulations are in better agreement with measurements than simulations with simple aggregation methods that use effective surface parameters. Integrations with the mosaic approach reproduce high resolution simulations very well and more accurately than simulations with the tile method. Finally, the high resolution simulations are analyzed to justify and discuss the approximations underlying both methods.     

拱坝系统三维非线性地震波动分析

本文将显式有限元结合外推人工边界的方法发展应用于三维非线性近场波动问题的研究。首次提出了拱坝－库水－地基系统三维非线性地震反应波动分析方法，并与传统的无质量地基分析方法进行了比较。     

Feedbacks in the Land-Surface and Mixed-Layer Energy Budgets

A mixed-layer model of the surface energy budget and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is developed, based on the prognostic equations for soil temperature, mixed layer potential temperature and specific humidity and the growth and abrupt collapse of the PBL. Detailed parameterizations of the longwave radiative fluxes are included. The feedbacks in the uncoupled (i.e. surface energy budget with non-responding PBL) and coupled land surface and atmospheric mixed-layer energy budgets are examined. A simplified, time continuous, version of the model, in which the specific humidity budget is the balance of evapotranspiration and dry-air entrainment, and the PBL height is given by the lifted condensation level, is shown to be in good agreement with the complete model. By forcing the simplified model with daily mean rather than periodic solar radiation, an equilibrium model state is achieved where the fluxes are in close agreement with the daily mean fluxes corresponding to the periodic forcing. The model also agrees favorably with measurements from the FIFE field experiment. Feedbacks are examined using the equilibrium model state. The uncoupled and coupled model sensitivities with respect to the minimal stomatal resistance and the atmospheric specific humidity not only differ in magnitude, but in sign as well. This results puts into question the extent to which uncoupled land-surface models that are forced with atmospheric variables may be used in sensitivity studies.     

基于非分裂CFS-PML边界条件的频散介质GPR时域有限元模拟

通过数值模拟研究探地雷达（GPR）高频电磁波在频散介质中的传播规律,对提高实测资料的解释精度具有重要意义.复频移完全匹配层边界条件（CFS-PML）以其优越的吸收特性被广泛用于一阶电磁波动方程的GPR时域有限差分数值模拟中,其实现过程大都涉及电磁场的卷积计算,辅助变量较多,降低计算效率.为此,本文从复拉伸坐标系下的Debye频散介质电磁波动方程出发,通过合理构造辅助微分方程,推导了二阶Debye频散介质电磁波动方程的非分裂CFS-PML边界条件实现公式,避免了电磁波场的分裂和卷积计算.在此基础上,利用Galerkin法和Newmark-β差分法推导了基于非分裂CFS-PML边界条件的GPR有限元方程及其时域差分离散格式.两个GPR模型的模拟结果表明：本文提出的基于辅助微分方程的非分裂CFS-PML边界条件实现方法可有效地吸收大角度入射的低频虚假反射波,提高模拟精度;相比于非频散介质,高频电磁波在频散介质中传播衰减更强、子波持续时间增大、分辨率和传播速度降低、直达波和反射波的主频更小,分析结果有助于提高实测GPR资料的解译精度.