Seasonal variation of the glycogen enzyme activity in diploid and triploid Pacific oyster gonad during sexual maturation

The glycogen content and the activities of two key enzymes in glycogen metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase and gly- cogen synthetase, in the gonad of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were compared during maturation. The glycogen content in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 85.7%), but the glycogen content in the gonad of trip- loids did not vary significantly. Activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 55.5%), while GP activity of triploids did not vary significantly during maturation. Activity of glycogen synthetase (GS) in the gonad of diploids increased slightly with gametogenesis, reaching a peak in June. Activity of GS declined sharply from June to July, which might be due to gonad spawning. GS activity of triploid oysters in spawning time (July and August) was significantly higher than that in other months, which might be explained with a ‘compensating’ mechanism for the higher glycogen content in triploids.     

Fahien reconsidered: Pleistocene exploitation of wild bananas and Holocene introduction of Musa cultivars to Sri Lanka

A recent publication on the phytolith assemblage at Fahien rockshelter, Sri Lanka (Premathilake and Hunt) is argued to represent: the exploitation of wild Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana during the Late Pleistocene; the introduction of edible diploid cultivars from the Southeast Asia–New Guinea region during the early to mid‐Holocene; the generation and cultivation of triploid banana hybrids on Sri Lanka before 6194–5994 cal bp ; and the subsequent spread of derived triploid cultivars to mainland India and westward to Africa. A careful review of the archaeobotanical research presented by Premathilake and Hunt, in the context of broader multidisciplinary evidence (agronomy, archaeobotany, genetics and linguistics) for the domestication and spread of banana cultivars, indicates that three main aspects of their argument are problematic: the lack of clarity in the characterization of banana domestication in the past; the methods used to discriminate phytoliths into banana taxa; and the promotion of Sri Lanka as a source region rather than a recipient of banana cultivars. Following reconsideration, the Fahien evidence is consistent with previous interpretations for the origins of diploid and significant triploid cultivars outside of Sri Lanka and dispersal to that island. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体参数的优化

基于受精卵早期发育形态学的观察,对利用氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)三倍体的条件进行了优化.实验结果表明:中华绒螯蟹受精卵在产出后经历了变圆、体积膨大及卵黄团物质位置移动的过程;在15℃下,中华绒螯蟹受精卵在产出后40 min左右释放第一极体,80 min左右孵化膜形成并举起,5 h左右第二极体释放;氯化钾诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体的优化参数为:产卵后1.5～2.0 h,用6 g/L的氯化钾处理4 h;孵化膜形成并举起可以作为中华绒螯蟹三倍体诱导开始点的形态学标记,其最高诱导率可以达到100%.实验结果为实现中华绒螯蟹三倍体苗种的批量生产提供了参考和依据.     

二、三倍体牙鲆肌肉和脑组织实时定量PCR内参基因的筛选及鉴定

多倍体诱导会造成物种中不同基因的表达水平变化不同,以内参基因作为对照的相对实时定量PCR是检测基因表达水平变化的一种高效方法,这就需要对多倍体中的内参基因进行筛选以获得较适宜的参比基因.本研究以二倍体和三倍体牙鲆肌肉和脑组织为对象,以绝对定量及2-ΔCt等方法分析管家基因18S rRNA、β-肌动蛋白基因(β-acti...     

二倍体与三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的细胞学比较研究

研究比较了太平洋牡蛎 (Crassostrea gigas)二倍体与三倍体鳃上皮细胞核长轴、外套膜与唇瓣结缔组织中血淋巴核径、直肠上皮细胞高度的大小。结果显示 ,三倍体鳃上皮细胞核长轴、外套膜与唇瓣结缔组织中血淋巴核径显著大于二倍体 (P<0 .0 1) ,而二倍体和三倍体直肠上皮细胞高度没有明显差别。本研究结果支持了多倍体的巨态性假说 ,并揭示了倍性对细胞核大小的影响。     

Polyploidy induction by hydrostatic pressure shock and embryo development of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The manipulation of the chromosome set for commercially valuable marine animals is important for enhancing aquacultural production. In this study, triploid and tetraploid sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were induced by hydrostatic pressure shock, and the conditions of appropriate induction were tested with different starting times, and hydrostatic pressure intensities and durations. The highest rate of triploid induction reached 20% and that of tetraploid was 60%. In consideration of the survival rate and hatch rate, the appropriate treatment for triploid was 55 Mpa of hydrostatic pressure for 5 min at 55 min after fertilization (a.f.), while for tetraploid it was 60 Mpa for 5 min at 61 min a.f. The triploid of the sea cucumber could survive through the pelagic larval stage and attachment stage, and develop like the control group of the experiment. The tetraploid, however, could not survive the attachment stage.     

6—DMAP抑制九孔鲍受精卵第二极体的释放诱导三倍体

当50％九孔鲍受精卵出现第一极体后，用6－DMAP不同的浓度进行不同的持续时间诱导三倍体。结果表明，6－DMAP的诱导浓度为300μmol/dm^3、诱导持续时间为10min时，其诱导的三倍体率为90％以上，并且胚胎的孵化率高达85％，幼体的畸形率较低，为50％－55％。用该方法多次进行了九孔鲍三倍体生产诱导和苗种培育试验。本文还对6－DMAP的作用机理以及九孔鲍三倍体诱导中的诱导因子等问题进行了讨论。     

二倍体和三倍体牡蛎的外观鉴别

对二倍体,三倍体僧帽牡蛎和太平洋牡蛎外套膜和生殖腺外部形态进行了周年观察。结果表明,从外套膜和生殖腺外观特征上的差异可鉴别出牡蛎二倍体和三倍体。１９９７年８月至１９９８年６月,分析了两种牡蛎样品２６６个,其鉴别准确率达９６．９９％。     

杂交与三倍体诱导对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)幼虫的复合作用

基于2×2交叉实验设计,通过杂交和6-DMAP等诱导处理,构建了二倍体自交组、二倍体杂交组、三倍体诱导自交组和三倍体诱导杂交组等四个实验组家系,探讨了海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)幼虫期生长及存活的杂种优势和6-DMAP诱导处理效应的复合作用。分别计算各家系的孵化率,测定了各家系幼虫期第1、5、10天幼虫个体的壳长以及第5天和第10天各家系幼虫的存活率。利用一般线性模型(general linear model (GLM))计算表型变量的原因方差组分,评估了杂交和6-DMAP处理对扇贝幼虫生长和存活的影响。结果显示:6-DMAP处理组孵化率要显著低于非处理实验组(P0.05)。三倍体诱导自交组第5天幼虫存活率显著低于其他组(P0.05),到第10天三倍体自交组全部死亡。三倍体诱导杂交组第10天存活率低于二倍体组但不显著(P0.05)。在第1天幼虫生长中,三倍体诱导杂交组幼虫壳长显著小于其他组(P0.05),第5天幼虫生长中,三倍体诱导杂交组壳长则显著大于其他组,而三倍体诱导自交组则显著小于其他组(P0.05)。在第10天幼虫生长中,二倍体自交组显著小于二倍体杂交组和三倍体诱导杂交组组(P0.05)。上述结果显示扇贝幼虫生长期的杂种优势和三倍体诱导效应间存在一定相互作用。     

Improvement of polyploidy induction in Eriocheir sinensis

An incubating temperature of 15℃ is used to induce triploidy in Eriocheir sinensis through inhibition of the release of polar body I1, and that of 18℃ to induce tetraploidy through inhibition of the first cleavage. Flow cytometry is used to identify the ploidy in different developmental stages. For induction of triploidy in fertilized eggs in vitro, the highest induction rate observed in blastula by cytochalasin B, 6-DMAP and KC1 is 49.1%, 51.7% and 77.5%, respectively. In the KC1 treatment of pregnant crabs with the fertilized eggs, the highest triploid induction rate observed in the zoea is 85.3%. For induction of tetraploidy, the highest induction rate observed in the blastula by cytochaslasin B, 6-DMAP and KC1 is 50.3%, 54.9% and 79.8% respectively. In the KC1 treatment of pregnant crabs with the fertilized eggs, the highest induction rate in zoea is 27.3%. Through this study such difficulty as in vitro culture is overcome. Triploid zoea Eriocheir sinensis has been developed for the fh‘st time. The induction rate of tetraploid zoea has also been greatly improved.