大兴安岭北段小柯勒河花岗斑岩地球化学、Hf同位素组成及锆石U-Pb定年

小柯勒河钼铜矿床是近年来大兴安岭北段发现的斑岩型矿床,成矿与花岗闪长斑岩有关。本文研究的花岗斑岩脉侵位到花岗闪长斑岩中,围绕花岗斑岩叠加了新的蚀变和矿化。花岗斑岩内部和两侧发育有带状分布的钾化、硅化和绢英岩化蚀变,蚀变带内发育浸染状和细脉状黄铁矿、辉钼矿和黄铜矿,辉钼矿矿化尤为强烈,总体表现为中高温热液蚀变和矿化特征。本文通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学与Hf同位素研究,揭示了花岗斑岩岩石成因、岩浆源区和构造背景。获得岩石锆石U-Pb年龄为(131.42±0.39) Ma,为早白垩世。小柯勒河花岗斑岩的组成矿物主要为正长石、钠长石、微斜长石和石英,无碱性铁镁矿物及富铝矿物。岩石属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有高SiO₂(76.24%~77.55%)、富碱((K₂O+Na₂O)含量8.12%~8.44%)、贫MgO(0.09%~0.16%)、低CaO(0.30%~0.65%)的特点,A/CNK值为0.94~1.04,并富集Rb、Th、U,亏损Nb、P、Ti。岩石的(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)含量和10000 Ga/Al比值均低于A型花岗岩的下限,综合矿物学及地球化学特征表明花岗斑岩属于高分异I型花岗岩。锆石的ε_Hf(t)的值为-0.2~+4.0,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄T_DM2(Hf)=1 199~931 Ma,表明岩浆主要起源于亏损地幔的新增生地壳,形成过程可能有古老地壳物质的混染。结合区域构造演化资料及构造判别图,认为岩石形成于古太平洋板块俯冲弧后扩张和蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。晚侏罗世末期—早白垩世是大兴安岭中北段重要的钼(铜)矿化爆发期,这一时期侵位的浅成高钾钙碱性花岗质侵入体,是寻找斑岩型钼(铜)的重要目标地质体。     

The Role of Groundwater in the Salt Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

正The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert in China with tallest sand dunes on the earth.In contrast to the extremely dry climate,there are about 100 lakes spreading regularly over the depressions among high     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿流体包裹体特征

大兴安岭锡矿带是中国北方唯一成型的锡多金属成矿带。新近发现的内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段,隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。该矿床为一典型的大型斑岩型热液脉型锡多金属矿床,矿区内锡矿化主要赋存于石英斑岩体顶部及其上部的石英脉中。矿床成矿阶段包括石英斑岩体内的滴状锡锌矿化阶段、石英斑岩体上部石英脉中的辉钼矿矿化阶段、石英锡石黑钨矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段。流体包裹体研究结果显示：流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,尤其是富液相包裹体,其次为含子矿物的三相包裹体。斑岩体内矿化阶段流体包裹体均一温度为324~333 ℃,盐度为6.5%~7.5% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.74 g/cm3;石英脉型矿化阶段包裹体均一温度为201~324 ℃,盐度为3.4%~9.9% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.92 g/cm3。包裹体显微测温分析结果显示该矿区成矿流体具有中高温、低盐度、中密度的特征。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体液相成分主要为H2O,气相成分主要有H2O、CO2和CH4。氢氧同位素研究结果表明该矿床石英斑岩体上部石英脉矿化阶段的成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合来源,以岩浆水为主。岩浆流体与大气降水的混合以及流体演化中的降温过程是该矿床矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

青海昆仑山口-两湖地区金矿成矿模式

昆仑山口-两湖地区成矿条件优越,是青海省金矿的生产地。笔者通过对大场金矿的地质背景、矿体特征、成矿时代、成矿期次、成因类型和控矿因素等多方面进行总结和研究,认为昆仑山口一两湖地区金锑矿床主要产于早-中三叠世昌马河组砂板岩中、受控于甘德-玛多断裂带,指出Au、As、Sb元素在动荡环境中极易活化富集成矿,且在多组断裂交汇处最易富集,进而总结该区金锑矿的成矿规律、分析成矿时空演化过程、建立成矿模式,为今后找矿提供指示意义。     

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes as indicators of lake water recharge and evaporation in the lakes of the Yinchuan Plain

The Yinchuan Plain has more than 2000 years of history of irrigation by diverting water from the Yellow River. Currently, the amount of water diverted from the Yellow River is about 21.7 times the water formed on the plain as a result of precipitation and inflow of groundwater. Under the intensive influence of irrigation, the plain changed from a desert into a rich and populous area, earning its name as ‘South China Beyond the Great Wall’, with lakes scattered across the Yinchuan Plain just as stars in the sky. In this research, 17 representative lakes were sampled to analyze and study ²H and ¹⁸O content; the results showed that lakes on the plain have undergone obvious non‐equilibrium evaporation. Recharges of the lakes can be divided into three types: recharge from the Yellow River, from groundwater and from both of these. The Craig–Gordon non‐equilibrium evaporation model for isotope fractionation was used to estimate the evaporation proportion of each lake. The results showed that evaporation from lakes on Yinchuan Plain is generally extensive under the dry climatic conditions. Most lakes have an evaporation proportion of over 25%, with the largest originating from Shahu lake and Gaomiaohu lake in the northern part of the plain, at 42.5% and 42.8%, respectively. The evaporation proportions calculated on the basis of ¹⁸O and ²H are very close to each other. This shows that the method used in this paper is feasible for estimating the evaporation proportions of lakes in areas with a heavy anthropogenic influence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Early Cretaceous Granitic Plutons in the Xing’an Massif, Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

In this study, we present zircon U-Pb ages, whole-rock geochemical data and Hf isotopic compositions for the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Xing'an Massif, Great Xing'an Range, which can provide important information in deciphering both Mesozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution of NE China. The zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that alkali feldspar granite from Meiguifeng pluton was emplaced at ～145 to 137 Ma, and granite porphyry of Arxan pluton was formed at ～129 Ma. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons have similar geochemical features, which are characterized by high silica, total alkalis, differentiation index, with low P_2O_5, CaO, MgO, TFe_2O_3 contents. They belong to high-K calc-alkaline series, and show weakly peraluminous characteristics. The Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons are both enriched in LREEs and LILEs(e.g., Rb, Th, U and K), and depleted in HREEs and HFSEs(e.g., Nb, Ta and Ti). Combined with the petrological and geochemical features, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons show highly fractionated I-type granite affinity. Moreover, the Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons may share a common or similar magma source, and they were probably generated by partial melting of Neoproterozoic high-K basaltic crust. Meanwhile, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, apatite, monazite, allanite and Ti-bearing phases fractionated from the magma during formation of Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons. Combined with spatial distribution and temporal evolution, we assume that the generation of Early Cretaceous Meiguifeng and Arxan plutons in Great Xing'an Range was closely related to the break-off of Mudanjiang oceanic plate. Furthermore, the Mudanjiang Ocean was probably a branch of Paleo-Pacific Ocean.     

大冰期成因探讨

大冰期的形成不仅需要气温低，而且需要大量海水转移到大陆上形成冰川。元古代晚期全球规模白云岩建造形成之后，火山作用在洋壳和陆壳上的表现大不相同：洋壳型火山作用是岩浆静静涌出，大量蒸发海水；陆壳型火山作用是猛烈爆发，烘烤碳酸盐岩层产生二氧化碳喷发形成“干冰制冷机制”，使大气降温。洋壳型火山与陆壳型火山共同作用形成大冰期。震旦纪大冰期后开始了显生宙。大冰期与生物的演化发展密切相关的原因是二氧化碳的大量介入。     

原料配比对硫氧镁水泥力学性能、物相和微观形貌的影响

以盐湖提锂副产镁渣为原料,经洗涤煅烧制备活性MgO,并与七水硫酸镁混合制备硫氧镁水泥。研究了原料配比(活性MgO:MgSO₄:H₂O,摩尔比)对硫氧镁水泥试件凝结时间、安定性和抗压强度的影响,并利用XRD和SEM分析试件的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明：固定H值,随着M值的增大,MOS浆体的凝结时间缩短,28 d的抗压强度先增加后降低,主要水化产物517相先增多后减少,晶体的微观形貌经历了由针丝状晶体—针丝状、短棒状晶体并存—凝胶状、针棒状晶体并存的转变过程;当M=9时,MOS浆体的安定性较差,主要水化产物逐渐变为Mg(OH)₂相;固定M值,随着H值的增大,MOS浆体的凝结时间延长,28 d的抗压强度先增加后降低,主要水化产物的种类没有发生明显的变化,当H≥26时,MOS浆体的安定性较差;得出较佳的M值范围为5～7,H值范围为20～24。     

近百年来我国西南地区酸沉降背景下湖泊环境变化——来自四面山龙潭湖沉积硅藻证据

大气酸沉降会导致地表水体酸化和富营养化,同时气候变暖也会影响湖泊水体环境,湖泊生态系统如何响应二者相互作用是全球变化研究的热点之一.我国西南地区是全球酸沉降负荷最高的地区之一,然而目前对酸沉降影响下地表水环境变化规律知之甚少.本文以重庆四面山龙潭湖为研究对象,通过沉积岩芯的²¹⁰Pb测年和硅藻分析,并结合流域历史资料数据,揭示龙潭湖过去近百年来水环境变化及其主要驱动因子.结果表明,1926-1968年,龙潭湖以Achnanthidium minutissimum和Encyonema silesiacum占优势;随后,Lindavia bodanica快速增加至峰值后逐渐减少,伴随Aulacoseira alpigena和Aulacoseira ambigua含量上升.硅藻组合中以适应中性和弱碱性水体的属种为主,嗜酸性属种含量很少,表明目前水体总体维持弱碱性,这得益于当地紫色砂页岩和森林土壤对于酸沉降的缓冲作用.尽管目前龙潭湖仍维持弱碱性,1980s以来硅藻推导水体酸碱度下降、中富营养种增加,表明酸沉降降低水体碱度并提高营养水平.气候变暖加剧水体热力分层和营养富集,导致适应扰动、贫营养环境的L.bodanica减少.2010年以来,中富营养属种略有减少反映湖泊富营养化有所减缓.     

抚仙湖、洱海、滇池浮游藻类功能群1960s以来演变特征

作为主要的初级生产者,浮游植物在水生生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,浮游植物的时空分布反映了生态环境的变化.依据浮游植物的形态、生理、生态特点而定义的浮游藻类功能群对藻类的耐受性和敏感性进行了描述,因而浮游藻类功能群的组成是生境特征的良好指示者.对1960s至今抚仙湖、洱海、滇池3个高原湖泊的浮游藻类组成进行分析,并首次将功能群理论运用到这3个湖泊.结果表明,3个湖泊的浮游藻类优势功能群组成在近50～60年间发生了明显的改变:抚仙湖的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为C、X2、Lo、F、P(1960s)-H1、C、P(1980s)-P、C、T(1990s)-T(2000年以后);洱海的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、Lo、MP、C、H1(1960s)-C、H1(1980s)-C、H1(1990s)-C、H1、M(2000年以后);滇池的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、N、P、MP、Lo(1960s)-J、P、MP、M(1980s)-J、M(1990s)-M(2000年以后).抚仙湖、洱海、滇池水体内的藻类功能群演替趋势特征,即耐低温物种的减少以及喜营养物种的增加,表明3个高原湖泊在近几十年可能受到了气候变暖和营养程度增加的影响.